후삼국의 대중국 외교 (The Diplomatic Relations between Later Three Kingdoms and China)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국중세사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국중세사연구 / 49호 / 9 ~ 40페이지
· 저자명 : 김갑동

초록

Examining the foreign relations of the Later Three Kingdoms prior to Wanggŏn’s establishment of Goryeo, the kingdom of Silla actively pursued its traditional diplomatic intercourse with the Tang in northern China. On the other hand, Kyŏnhwŏn of Later Paekche established diplomatic relations with the Wuyue in southern China while Kungye of T’aebong gave little thought to any foreign policy in the early years of his rule, though towards the end of his reign he did begin to foster relations with the Khitan in northern China. In China, the Tang eventually fell to be succeeded by the Later Liang. But largely viewing this latter dynasty as a usurper, none of the Later Three Kingdoms dispatched envoys to its court. Further, to avoid the turmoil that followed the Tang collapse, a great number of the students and monks from the Korean peninsula studying in China returned home.
Following its foundation by Wanggŏn, Goryeo maintained a largely amicable relationship with Silla even while engaging in a diplomatic rivalry with that kingdom in efforts to elicit recognition and support from the Later Tang. However, the Later Tang remained largely aloof from affairs on the Korean peninsula. Another focus of Goryeo foreign policy was the Khitan, which had destroyed Parhae. By contrast, Kyŏnhwŏn of Later Paekche severed his formerly amicable relationship with the Khitan, but at the same time made assiduous efforts to cultivate his relations with the Wuyue. At the Battle of Kongsan in 927 (tenth year of T’aejo of Goryeo), Goryeo suffered a large defeat at the hands of Later Paekche. It was a victory that owed something to the support of the Wuyue. Up until this point it is no exaggeration to say that Later Paekche had also won the diplomatic war.
However, Goryeo regrouped from the diplomatic setbacks resulting from its defeat at Kongsan. At the Battle of Koch’anggun (Andong) in 930, it scored a victory, resulting in triumphs on the diplomatic front as well. First, Goryeo’s Wanggŏn made a state visit to Silla and following personal meetings with Silla’s King Kyŏngsun, Silla and Goryeo sent almost simultaneous embassies to the Later Tang to inform that state of the situation on the peninsula. Becoming aware of the state of affairs in Korea, Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang offered recognition to Goryeo, dispatching envoys not to Silla but solely to Goryeo to formally invest Wanggŏn as the King of Goryeo. Even after this investiture, Goryeo proceeded to dispatch a number of embassies to the Later Tang in order to strengthen its relations with that state. Meanwhile, Silla sent a few embassies to the Later Tang, as did Later Paekche to the Wuyue, but none of these bore much fruit. Though Goryeo received little in terms of material support from China, it obtained victory at the Battle of Koch’anggun and through this ultimately won the diplomatic war by securing Later Tang’s official recognition.
Following his reunification of the Three Kingdoms in 936, Wanggŏn initiated a China-wide foreign policy. While naturally continuing his relationship with northern China, he also dispatched embassies to the Wuyue, and then the Southern Tang in south China, in efforts to bolster the prestige of Goryeo’s unifying enterprise. However, towards the Khitan that had destroyed Parhae, Goryeo took up an aggressive stance, testament to its desire to pursue a northern policy and restore the former territories of Koguryŏ.
Ultimately, the China-oriented foreign policy of the Later Three Kingdoms developed in accordance with the specific interests of each of the three states. At the same time, with the turmoil the characterized the latter days of the Tang in China, and the subsequent emergence of the fractured Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the kingdoms of China had little time to concern themselves with the affairs of neighboring countries. Though the traditional “tributary and investiture” relationship continued in this period, in reality such recognition from China found value only in the context of the changing situation on the Korean peninsula.

영어초록

Examining the foreign relations of the Later Three Kingdoms prior to Wanggŏn’s establishment of Goryeo, the kingdom of Silla actively pursued its traditional diplomatic intercourse with the Tang in northern China. On the other hand, Kyŏnhwŏn of Later Paekche established diplomatic relations with the Wuyue in southern China while Kungye of T’aebong gave little thought to any foreign policy in the early years of his rule, though towards the end of his reign he did begin to foster relations with the Khitan in northern China. In China, the Tang eventually fell to be succeeded by the Later Liang. But largely viewing this latter dynasty as a usurper, none of the Later Three Kingdoms dispatched envoys to its court. Further, to avoid the turmoil that followed the Tang collapse, a great number of the students and monks from the Korean peninsula studying in China returned home.
Following its foundation by Wanggŏn, Goryeo maintained a largely amicable relationship with Silla even while engaging in a diplomatic rivalry with that kingdom in efforts to elicit recognition and support from the Later Tang. However, the Later Tang remained largely aloof from affairs on the Korean peninsula. Another focus of Goryeo foreign policy was the Khitan, which had destroyed Parhae. By contrast, Kyŏnhwŏn of Later Paekche severed his formerly amicable relationship with the Khitan, but at the same time made assiduous efforts to cultivate his relations with the Wuyue. At the Battle of Kongsan in 927 (tenth year of T’aejo of Goryeo), Goryeo suffered a large defeat at the hands of Later Paekche. It was a victory that owed something to the support of the Wuyue. Up until this point it is no exaggeration to say that Later Paekche had also won the diplomatic war.
However, Goryeo regrouped from the diplomatic setbacks resulting from its defeat at Kongsan. At the Battle of Koch’anggun (Andong) in 930, it scored a victory, resulting in triumphs on the diplomatic front as well. First, Goryeo’s Wanggŏn made a state visit to Silla and following personal meetings with Silla’s King Kyŏngsun, Silla and Goryeo sent almost simultaneous embassies to the Later Tang to inform that state of the situation on the peninsula. Becoming aware of the state of affairs in Korea, Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang offered recognition to Goryeo, dispatching envoys not to Silla but solely to Goryeo to formally invest Wanggŏn as the King of Goryeo. Even after this investiture, Goryeo proceeded to dispatch a number of embassies to the Later Tang in order to strengthen its relations with that state. Meanwhile, Silla sent a few embassies to the Later Tang, as did Later Paekche to the Wuyue, but none of these bore much fruit. Though Goryeo received little in terms of material support from China, it obtained victory at the Battle of Koch’anggun and through this ultimately won the diplomatic war by securing Later Tang’s official recognition.
Following his reunification of the Three Kingdoms in 936, Wanggŏn initiated a China-wide foreign policy. While naturally continuing his relationship with northern China, he also dispatched embassies to the Wuyue, and then the Southern Tang in south China, in efforts to bolster the prestige of Goryeo’s unifying enterprise. However, towards the Khitan that had destroyed Parhae, Goryeo took up an aggressive stance, testament to its desire to pursue a northern policy and restore the former territories of Koguryŏ.
Ultimately, the China-oriented foreign policy of the Later Three Kingdoms developed in accordance with the specific interests of each of the three states. At the same time, with the turmoil the characterized the latter days of the Tang in China, and the subsequent emergence of the fractured Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the kingdoms of China had little time to concern themselves with the affairs of neighboring countries. Though the traditional “tributary and investiture” relationship continued in this period, in reality such recognition from China found value only in the context of the changing situation on the Korean peninsula.

참고자료

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