동북아 선도제천 전통으로 본 강릉단오제의 신격 연구 (A Study on the Divinity of Gangneung Danoje(江陵端午祭) from the Perspective of Northeast Asia’s ‘Sundo(仙道)’ Heaven Ritual(祭天) Tradition)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 국제뇌교육종합대학원대학교 국학연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 仙道文化 / 38권 / 1 ~ 43페이지
· 저자명 : 황남미

초록

강릉단오제는 국내 중요무형문화재 제13호이며 2005년 11월 유네스코의 ‘인류 무형 문화유산’에 등록된 국내 최대(最大) 규모의 성황신제이다. 또한 강릉 지역 의 동제(洞祭)로 고대 제천의례에서 기원한 것으로 알려져 있다.
제천의례는 상고시대 동북아 문화의 원형으로써 당대 사람들에게 정신적 구심 점의 역할을 하였던 문화유산이다. 『삼국지(三國志)』, 『후한서(後漢書)』등의 중국사서에 기록된 고대 제천의례는 외국인의 관점에서 피상적으로 기록되어 제천의 본질과 의미에 대한 전달은 부족하였다. 이러한 가운데 최근 동북아 요동ㆍ요서지역 고고학의 발굴 성과와 한국 선도사서의 기록 등에 근거한 연구 성과가 나오면서 동북아 선도제천의 원형이 밝혀지고 있다. 동북아 요동ㆍ요서지역의 유적과 유물 에 나타난 제천의례는 천인합일(신인합일ㆍ인내천)의 수행의례 였으며 신격은 배 달국에서는 마고와 환웅, 웅녀가 신격으로 모셔졌다. 배달국의 환웅과 웅녀에서 기원한 국조신과 국모신을 모시는 전통은 후대의 제천의례와 국가 제사로 계승되었다.
현재 강릉단오제의 국사성황신은 신라하대 범일국사이며 국사여성황신은 정씨 가녀, 대관령 산신은 김유신으로 되어 있다. 신격은 제의의 성격과 의미를 규정하는 중요한 요소이며, 현재 강릉단오제의 신격은 고대 제천의례로 이해되고 있는 강릉 단오제의 기원과 시대적 간극이 있다. 이러한 문제에 대하여 본고는 대한민국을 대표하는 민속축제인 강릉단오제의 기원이 환국ㆍ배달국 이래 한국선도의 제천의 례이며 주 신격으로 단군사화의 국조 환웅과 국모 웅녀를 제시하였다. 상고 이래의 제천의례는 고려시대와 조선시대를 거치면서 민속화ㆍ무속화 되었고 배달국의 환 웅과 웅녀에서 기원한 국조신과 국모신을 모시는 전통은 지역의 인격신으로 대체 되어 갔다.

영어초록

Heaven Ritual(祭天儀禮) was the prototype of ancient Northeast Asia's culture and a cultural heritage that serves as a spiritual center for the people of that time. Ancient Heaven Ritual recorded in Chinese historical books were superficially recorded from the perspective of foreigners, and while the meaning of Heaven Ritual was insufficient to convey, Heaven Ritual has been interpreted as a symbol of national independence, a national ritual at the level of governance, a an agricultural ritual, and a folk festival. In addition to the recognition of the existing Heaven Ritual, research results based on the excavation results of archaeology in the Liaodong(遼東) and Liaoxi(遼西) regions in Northeast Asia and the records of Korean Sundo(韓國仙道) history books have recently emerged, revealing the original form of Northeast Asia's Sundo Heaven Ritual(仙道祭天). Representatively, the remains of Hongshan Culture(紅山文化, 4500 B.C. to 3000 B.C.) based on the Liaoxi region, ancient altar in the Cheonpyeong(天坪) area of Mt. Baekdu(白頭) in Liaodong, and the stone mound altar⋅tomb, jade, stone tools excavated from the Xiaonanshan(小南山) ruins in Heilongjiang Sheng(黑 龍江省) were confirmed to be relics related to Heaven Ritual. In addition, the meaning of Heaven Ritual was interpreted as a "practice ritual" of the Korean Sundo of unification of gods and human( 人合一) and at the same time having a festive character.
The deities of Heaven Ritual that appeared in these relics were enshrined in Mago(麻姑), Hwanung(桓雄), and Ungnyeo(熊女) in the Baedalguk(倍達國). Mago, which symbolizes the life energy of the source, gradually disappeared from the deity of Heaven Ritual due to the decline of practice culture after the Dangun Joseon(檀君朝鮮).
Records show that since the Goguryeo(高句麗), the national anchester gods symbolized by the national founder and his wife or mother have been memorialized together in Heaven Ritual. Starting with the aforementioned Ungnyeo, goddess symbolizing the queen or mother of the national anchester were enshrined in the ancestral rites. They had the character of a national mother goddess who governed the country together with the national founder and upheld the sacred will, and this tradition was inherited by Dongmyeng(東明) and Lady Yuhwa(柳花夫人) of Goguryeo, Dongmyeng, Gutae仇台 and Soseno(召西奴) of Baekje(百濟), Park Hyeokgeose(朴赫居世) and Alyeong(閼英) of Silla, and King Suro(首露) and Queen Heo(許王后) of Gaya(加耶).
Currently, the main deities of Gangneung Danoje are Guksa Seonghwangsin(國師城隍神) and Guksa Yeoseonghwangsin(國師女城隍神), to which Daegwallyeong Sansin(大關嶺山神) is added. Guksa Seonghwangsin is set as Beomil Guksa(梵日國師), a monk from the latter days of Silla, while Guksa Yeoseonghwangsin is known as Lady Jeong(鄭 氏家女) of the Joseon(朝鮮) Dynasty, and Daegwallyeong Sansin is known as General Kim Yu-sin(金庾信將軍). In light of the origin theory that the origin of Gangneung Danoje is Goguryeo's Dongmaeng(東盟), Ye(濊)’s Mucheon(舞天), or ancient ancestral rites, there is a problem that the origins and deities of Beomil Guksa and General Kim Yu-sin of the Silla(新羅) and the Lady Jeong of the Joseonw Dynasty are inconsistent with the times. Therefore, we can see that the current Gangneung Dano je's Guksa Seonghwangsin, Guksa Yeoseonghwangsin, and Daegwallyeong Sansin are deities established later. Deities are an important factor in determining the purpose or nature of a ritual. The ancestral rite of heaven is the most representative practice and ritual of Korean Sundo since Hwanguk(桓國) and Baedalguk, and its purpose is the unification of gods and human . This paper presents the ancestral rite of heaven, which has been the core practice and ritual of Korean Sundo since Hwanguk and Baedalguk, as the origin of Gangneung Danoje, and presents Hwanung, the founder of the nation, and Ungnyeo, the mother of the nation, of historical story of Dangun(檀君史話) as the main deities. The tradition of worshipping the national ancestor god and the national mother god in the Heaven Ritual was inherited by Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, and Gaya.
Gangneung Danoje is a long-standing local ritual in the Gangneung region, in which the national ancestor god belief and the Sansin belief are mixed.
The national anchester god belief and the Sansin belief are both forms of faith in the heavenly god series, and the national ancestor god and the national mother god of the heavenly god series of Hwanung and Ungnyeo are understood to have been added later by General Kim Yu-sin of Daegwanryeong Sansin.
Heaven Ritual since the ancient period have been folkized and shamanized throughout the Goryeo(高麗) and Joseon periods, and it was examined that the national god and the orientation tradition of the national god originated from the national god of the Baedalguk the national god of the ungnyeo were replaced by local personality gods.
Heaven Ritual is a ritual that presents the direction of life as a core and spiritual center of Korean Sundo culture. Heaven Ritual relics were tombs from 7200 B.C. to 3000 B.C., it can be seen that Heaven Ritual was related to ascension reflecting the view of life and world. As the understanding of Heaven Ritual deepened, it was possible to estimate the direction symbolized by the Sundo Heaven Ritual. The meaning of these Heaven Ritual will be examined in detail through other pages.

참고자료

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