인과관계와 객관적 귀속에 관한 비교법적 고찰 - 신양균 교수님의 인과관계론과 관련하여- (A Comparative Study on the Causation and Objective Imputation - with respect to the Prof. Shin Yang Kyun’s theory of causation -)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 전북대학교 부설법학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 법학연구 / 64권 / 31 ~ 65페이지
· 저자명 : 김종구

초록

우리 형법학은 1980년대 들어 독일의 형법이론들이 체계적으로 도입되면서 많은 발전을 이루었다. 이 시기에 들어온 대표적인 독일형법이론 중 하나가 객관적 귀속론(Lehre von der objektiven Zurechnung)이다. 객관적 귀속론의 도입 후, 우리 형법학계에는 사실상 인과관계는 조건설(합법칙적 조건설)에 따라 판단하고, 규범적 인과관계는 다양한 객관적 귀속의 척도를 적용하여 판단한다는 생각이 일반화되었다. 이러한 객관적귀속론이 우리 학계에 소개되고 정착되는 데는 신양균 교수님의 1980년대 박사학위논문과 관련 논문 등이 많은 기여를 한 것으로 판단된다. 이제 인과관계를 사실상 측면과 규범적 측면으로 나누어 판단하는 객관적 귀속론은 이제 우리 학계에 일반화되었다.
다만, 그 동안 우리 학계는 주로 독일형법학의 창을 통해서만 우리 형법을 바라보았다. 그러나, 독일형법학뿐 아니라 영미형법학의 이론적 성과도 반영하여 다양한 관점에서 우리 형법을 해석한다면, 우리 형법에 대한 이해는 더 깊어지리라 생각된다. 영미형법학에서도 인과관계를 사실상 인과관계와 법적 인과관계로 구분하여 판단하고 있다. 그리고 영미의 법적 인과관계(legal causation)의 개념은 독일의 객관적 귀속(objektive Zurechnung)의 개념과 거의 일치하는 것이며, 양자의 판단의 척도도 공유할 수 있는 성질의 것이다. 따라서 이제 독일형법학과 영미형법학의 이론적 성과를 아우르면서 우리 고유의 형법이론체계도 발전시켜 갈 때라고 생각된다.
이 논문에서는 신양균 교수님이 한국 형법학계에 남기신 업적의 의미를 생각하면서, 우리 학계에서 전개되고 있는 인과관계와 객관적 귀속에 관한 이론에 대하여 간략히 살펴보고, 영미형법학의 인과관계론을 비교법적 관점에서 고찰한 것이다. 더불어, 상당인과관계설을 취하고 있는 우리 대법원 판례를 통하여 상당인과관계설의 의미와 규범적 측면의 인과관계의 판단 기준에 대하여 생각해 본 것이다.

영어초록

Some crimes require the prosecution to prove that the defendant caused a particular result. Under Anglo-American law, the necessary causation is of two types: 'factual causation' and 'legal causation'. The dominant test for cause-in-fact is the sine qua non, or but-for test. If the harm would not have occurred unless the defendant had engaged in the conduct, there is cause in fact. However, there is no equivalent dominant test of legal cause. Legal causation is a flexible analysis involving a variety of policy considerations and which ultimately asks whether as a matter of policy the defendant should be held responsible for a particular result.
The structure of the theory of causation in Korean and German law is almost the same as in Anglo-American law. Under Korean and German law, the causation has two aspects: 'natural causation', and 'objective imputation'. The natural causation is a matter of fact and determined by the sine qua non test like in Anglo-American law. Objective imputation questions cannot be answered solely by physical sciences. Thus, they are not facts that can be uncovered by scientifically examining cause and effect in the real world. The existence of factual causation will not alone support a finding of criminal liability. In addition, there must be proof of legal causation or possibility of objective imputation.
The test for legal causation and objective imputation is not a matter of fact but a matter of law that is to be determined after evaluating various policy considerations. The tests for legal causation or objective imputation varies according to the point of view. Thus, it is important to develop certain tests for legal causation or objective imputation that can be approved of generally. For that purpose, it is necessary for Korean scholars to employ scholarly results from both German law and Anglo American law.
The Korean criminal jurisprudence has made much progress since the systematic introduction of German criminal law theories in the 1980s. One of the most representative theories of German criminal law that came into this period is objective attribution. After the introduction of objective imputation theory, it became common in our criminal law Academia that the factual causation is judged according to the but-for test, and the legal causation is judged by applying various tests of objective imputation. Professor Shin Yang Kyun's doctoral dissertation and related papers in the 1980s are believed to have contributed a lot to the introduction and settlement of this objective imputation theory in our criminal law academia. The objective imputation theory, which determines causation by dividing it into factual aspect and normative aspect, has now become common in the Korean criminal law academia.
In the meantime, however, the Korean criminal law academia academic has looked mainly at our criminal law through the window of German criminal law. However, if we interpret our criminal law from various perspectives by reflecting not only German criminal law but also the theoretical achievements of Anglo-American criminal law, our understanding of criminal law will deepen. Anglo-American criminal law also determines causation by dividing it into factual causation and legal causation. The concept of legal causation in Anglo-American is almost identical to the concept of objective attribution in Germany, and is of a nature that can also share the tests of the judgment of both. Therefore, I think it is time to develop our own criminal law theories, encompassing the theoretical achievements of German and American criminal law.
In this paper, the author examined the meaning of Professor Shin Yang-gyun's achievements in the history of Korean criminal law academia. In addition, the author briefly reviewed the theories of causality and objective imputation in the Korean criminal law, and considered the theories of causation in Anglo-American criminal law from a comparative legal perspective.

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