고려전기 무산계(武散階)의 구조와 운영 －향리, 장인, 악인, 노병사를 중심으로－ (Structure and and Operation of Military Prestige Title in the Early Goryeo Period －Focused on Hyangri, Craftsmen, Musicians and older soldiers－)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국중세사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국중세사연구 / 69호 / 45 ~ 76페이지
· 저자명 : 이정훈

초록

본 논문은 고려전기 무산계의 구조 및 도입 이유, 무산계 지급 대상자를 중심으로 무산계가 어떻게 운영되었는지를 고찰하였다.
고려초기 관계에는 문·무반 등의 관료, 호족, 노병사 등 다양한 사람들이 편제되었다. 성종 14년 지배체제 정비의 일환으로 관료제가 정비되면서, 고려초기 관계는 문산계, 무산계, 향직으로 분화되었다. 무산계는 29등급 외에도 유외(流外) 등급이 있었으며, 29등급 안에는 표기대장군, 보국대장군, 진국대장군과 같은 훈계도 있었다. 또한 무산계는 고려인 뿐만 아니라 여진인, 탐라인에게도 주어졌다.
고려인으로서 무산계를 받았던 사람들은 진봉향리 및 기인, 중앙 관청에 배속된 장인과 악인, 개경과 서경에 거주하던 노병사, 중앙 관청에 소속된 악인의 자식으로 잡류직 소지자들이었다. 무산계 소지자들은 중앙 관청에 소속된 사람들이거나 지방 거주자로 공무를 담당하기 위해 개경에 와 있던 인물이었다. 따라서 무산계는 개경 소재의 국가 공적 체계에 포섭된 비관료(非官僚들)에게 지급된 위계(位階)였다.
무산계는 군제와 신분제가 정비되면서 수여 대상에 변화가 나타났다. 군제가 정비되면서 경군에게는 문산계가, 지방군에게는 향직이 수여되면서, 노병사를 포함한 군인들에게 무산계가 지급되지 않았다. 중앙 관청 소속된 악인의 자식이 잡류직으로 진출하면서 이들을 일반 잡류직 소지자들과 구별하기 위해 한직(限職)의 의미로서 무산계가 주어졌다.

영어초록

This paper contemplates the structure of the Military Prestige Title武散階 in the early Goryeo period, the reason for its introduction, and what types of people were the Military Prestige Title holders specifically.
In the government posts of the early Goryeo period, various people were organized, including bureaucrats such as Munban(civil officials and Muban (military officials), ‘Hojok豪族’, old soldiers, etc. In the 14th year of King Seongjong’s reign when the bureaucracy was reorganized as part of the ruling system reformation, the government posts in the early Goryeo period were divided into Civil Prestige Title文散階, Military Prestige Title, and ‘Hyanjik 鄕職’(a prestige title of the Goryeo system).
The Military Prestige Title had the 29 grades and ‘Yuowae grade流外等級’ (other grades outside these original grades). The 29 grades also included ‘Hungye 勳階’ such as ‘Grand General Pyogi驃騎大將軍’, ‘Grand General Boguk 輔國大將軍’, and ‘Grand General Jinguk鎭國大將軍’. In addition, Military Prestige Titles were given not only to Goryeoin(Goryeo people), but also to Jurchens and Tamra people.
Those who received the Military Prestige Title as Goryeo people were the ‘Jinbong hyang’ri進奉鄕吏’(people who came to offer things) and ‘Gi-in 其人’(person who came as a hostage to the center and served as an advisor to the administration of the region), craftsmen 匠人 and musicians 樂人 assigned to the central government office, old soldiers living in Gaegyeong and Seogyeong, and the holders of Technical Service Functionaries as children of musicians belonging to the central government office.
The holders of the Military Prestige Title were either those who belonged to the central government or local residents who had come to Gaegyeong to perform official duties. Accordingly, the Military Prestige Title was a hierarchy given to non-bureaucrats who were subordinated to the national public system located at Gaegyeong.
The Military Prestige Title showed the changes in its awarding subject, as the military system and the caste system were improved. As the military system was aligned, the Civil Prestige Title was awarded to the central soldiers, and ‘Hyanjik’ were awarded to the local soldiers. Meanwhile, the Military Prestige Titles were not awarded to soldiers, including older soldiers. As the children of musicians belonging to the central government entered the Technical Service Functionaries雜類職, they were given the Military Prestige Titles in the meaning of promotion being limited in order to distinguish them from the general Technical Service Functionaries holders.

참고자료

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