고려시대의 格과 式 (‘Gyeok(格)’ and ‘Sik(式)’ of Goryeo Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 영남대학교 민족문화연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 민족문화논총 / 78호 / 365 ~ 408페이지
· 저자명 : 위은숙

초록

고려에서는 율령과 더불어 격과 식도 제정되었다. 격과 식 자료의 시대별 분포를 보면 고려의 각종 법제가 제정되기 시작하던 성종대로부터 고려 전, 중기에 집중되어 있고, 원간섭기에는 등장하지 않다가 반원개혁정치가 시작되던 공민왕 이후에 다시 등장하고 있다. 원대에는 격과 식을 편찬하지 않았기 때문에 원의 영향아래 있던 원간섭기 고려의 법제도 당연히 영향을 받았기 때문으로 보인다. 그러나 중국 정통왕조인 당의 율령을 이상으로 했던 명이 등장하면서 고려 역시 다시 격과 식을 제정한 것이 아닌가 한다.
고려사에서는 고려의 법제가 당제를 참작하였다고 하지만, 실제 고려 전,중기 법제의 운영은 동시대인 송제의 영향도 많이 받았던 것으로 보인다.
격과 식의 명칭이나 성격이 당대와 같이 상서성 24사를 편목명으로 한 것이 아니고 개별 업무나 관부를 명칭으로 삼고 있는 것, 격이 주로 관료선발이나 관료의 직무, 관료간의 의례와 같이 관료제에 관련된 것에 집중된 것, 식이 많이 제정된 것도 송대 법제의 영향으로 보인다.
식은 크게 4가지 형식으로 분류할 수 있었다. 無編年式, 定....式, 凡....式과 “以爲常式”“以爲恒式” 등으로 된 것이다. 앞의 3가지는 식의 명칭이 있으나 마지막 형식의 식은 명칭이 없다는 차이가 있다.

영어초록

Goryeo Law Book had been affected by Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties of China for 500 years and had been together with the change in the East Asian’ law systems. In addition to Yul(律)and Ryeong(令), Goryeo also enacted the ‘Gyeok’ which is the revision law book and the ‘Sik’ which is the enforcement rule of Yul, Ryeong and Gyeok.
There is data on Gyeok and Sik transferred from period of King Seongjong of Goryeo and up to mid-Goryeo period. It had reappeared since King Gongmin though it was indistinctive during the period of Yuan dynasty of China which interfered Goryeo’s internal politics. The Gyeok and the Sik at the pre- and mid-Goryeo periods were also affected by Tang and Song Dynasties in the same way that other rules were. But, as Yuan Dynasty did not follow the China’s traditional law systems, it looks like that there was no law system in the form of Gyeok and Sik during the period of Won’s interference. But, the law system in the form of Gyeok and Sik during the late Goryeo period looks affected by Ming dynasty which considered the law system of Tang Dynasty as ideal law system.
On the other hand, as Sik was just the enforcement rule, there are relatively more data of it left. Though the form of Sik is not constant, the non-year edition type(無編年式) and the forms of Jeong0000(定0000)”, or “Beom 0000 (凡0000)” have the names on them. But, the sentences finishing with “Iwihangsik(以爲恒式)” or “Iwisangsik(以爲常式)” has no name of Sik. That is different from Gyeok which has all names remaining on it.
The data on Gyeok and Sik which has been transferred up to now does not apply to all rules but only to some fields. The Gyeok mainly concentrated on the operation of hierarchy such as selection of bureaucrats. This may be affected by Song Dynasty which classified the rules into the award and punishment, grading, salary to bureaucrats and mourning. Except some Siks, they focused on royal rituals, examination system for selection of bureaucrats, operation of bureaucracy and documentary administration, etc. More researches on this field are required in the future to find out whether this kind of phenomenon was caused by the lack of data or the operation of Sik.

참고자료

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