특집 : 당 장안성에서의 외교 의례와 외국 사신 간의 외교적 갈등 ―신라･일본, 신라･발해 사신 간의 쟁장(爭長) 사건에 대한 재검토― (Reexamination of the ‘Competition for Superiority’ cases occurred between Diplomatic envoys from Shilla and Japan, and Shilla and Balhae)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 현실 / 94호 / 113 ~ 144페이지
· 저자명 : 김종복

초록

The so-called “Competition for Superiority(‘Jaengjang)” cases that occurred between foreign envoys at the Chinese Dang court in the 8th and 9th centuries, were diplomatic incidents representing clashing of egos and conflict of prides among countries in a Dang-centered international order of East Asia. They were born out of a desire to elevate one’s country’s status to a higher position compared to that of the other rival countries. There are total of four incidents recorded in historical texts, but unfortunately none of them are recorded by all the involved countries, the party that filed protest or demanded changes in Dang’s treatment of it, the party that became the subject of such protest or demand, and the party that dealt with such protest(which was Dang). A completely objective recreation of such events are nearly impossible, therefore, examined in this article is the Dang court’s diplomatic protocols, in the intention of examining the ‘Jaengjang’ incident of 753 which occurred between the Shilla and Japanese envoys, and the ‘Jaengjang’ incident of 897 which occurred between the Shilla and Balhae envoys.
In the former incident, at the ceremony of celebrating the year’s first day, the Japanese delegate demanded a seat higher than that of the Shilla delegate. The Dang government granted such request, which was thrown without warning not during the ritual but during the subsequent banquet, only to smoothly conclude the ceremony without further disputes.
In the latter incident, at the Dang emperor’s reception of foreign delegates, the Balhae delegate made a formal request for a higher seat compared to that of the Shilla delegation, which after careful deliberation the Dang government denied. Balhae’s demand was based upon its own assessment of strength of Balhae as a state, which it deemed much stronger than that of Shilla, but Dang, which was embroiled in a civil war status at the time, had to reserve judgement and acknowledge the existing order which had recognized Shilla as a superior state between the two. The fact that Shilla was the party that became the subject of a Jaengjang protest in both cases, suggests the relatively important nature Shilla had in the Dang-centered East Asian international order.

영어초록

The so-called “Competition for Superiority(‘Jaengjang)” cases that occurred between foreign envoys at the Chinese Dang court in the 8th and 9th centuries, were diplomatic incidents representing clashing of egos and conflict of prides among countries in a Dang-centered international order of East Asia. They were born out of a desire to elevate one’s country’s status to a higher position compared to that of the other rival countries. There are total of four incidents recorded in historical texts, but unfortunately none of them are recorded by all the involved countries, the party that filed protest or demanded changes in Dang’s treatment of it, the party that became the subject of such protest or demand, and the party that dealt with such protest(which was Dang). A completely objective recreation of such events are nearly impossible, therefore, examined in this article is the Dang court’s diplomatic protocols, in the intention of examining the ‘Jaengjang’ incident of 753 which occurred between the Shilla and Japanese envoys, and the ‘Jaengjang’ incident of 897 which occurred between the Shilla and Balhae envoys.
In the former incident, at the ceremony of celebrating the year’s first day, the Japanese delegate demanded a seat higher than that of the Shilla delegate. The Dang government granted such request, which was thrown without warning not during the ritual but during the subsequent banquet, only to smoothly conclude the ceremony without further disputes.
In the latter incident, at the Dang emperor’s reception of foreign delegates, the Balhae delegate made a formal request for a higher seat compared to that of the Shilla delegation, which after careful deliberation the Dang government denied. Balhae’s demand was based upon its own assessment of strength of Balhae as a state, which it deemed much stronger than that of Shilla, but Dang, which was embroiled in a civil war status at the time, had to reserve judgement and acknowledge the existing order which had recognized Shilla as a superior state between the two. The fact that Shilla was the party that became the subject of a Jaengjang protest in both cases, suggests the relatively important nature Shilla had in the Dang-centered East Asian international order.

참고자료

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