[기기 분석] 각 기기별 원리 및 용도, 분석법 총정리 (FT-IR, TGA, DSC, NMR, GPC)

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1. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)

시료에 적외선을 조사하면 쌍극자 모멘트가 변화하여, 분자골격의 진동이 회전에 대응하는 공명에너지의 흡수를 한다. 유기/무기 화합물을 구성하는 기본 특성 흡수 띠를 이용하여 미지 시료의 정성이나 정량 구조 분석을 수행할 수 있다. 유기 물질의 재질분석 방법, 유기화합물의 확인, 이성질체 확인, 수소결합 연구 등으로 이용된다.
2. TGA (Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer)

시료를 가열하면, 열분해(분위기: 질소, 공기, 혼합가스 등)를 하게 되는데 그 무게감소(weight loss)를 측정하여, 그 시료가 얼마나 열에 안정한지 불안정한지를 조사한다. 열분해온도(Td), ash 함량 (특수 혼합가스에 의한 열분석), 플라스틱 성분분석에도 응용되고, 카본블랙 함량, 탄산칼슘 함량분석에도 응용된다.
3. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter)

측정시료와 참조시료(reference cell)를 일정한 승온 속도로 가열하면, 그 물질의 상변화에 따라, 참조시료 대비 열량의 변화(흡열: endothermic, 발열: exothermic 등)를 수반한다. 시료의 유리전이온도, 결정화온도, 융점, 비열, 결정화도, 산화유도시간, 반응열(예, 경화반응) 등을 측정할 수 있다.
4. NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer)

핵자기 공명 (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, NMR)과 자기 모멘트를 가진 원자핵 (주로 1H, 13C 등)이 포함된 물질이 자기장에서 특정 주파수의 전자파를 흡수한다. 이 특유의 흡수 스펙트럼을 이용하여 분자 구조 분석 및 조성 분석을 수행한다. 유기 화합물의 분자 구조 분석 및 조성 분석 등을 수행한다.
5. GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatograph)

고분자를 크기(분자량)별로 구분해내는 크로마토그래피로서, 컬럼을 GPC컬럼을 사용하고, 주로 굴절률로 검출한다. 미지 고분자물질의 수 평균 분자량 (Mn), 중량 평균 분자량 (Mw), 분산도, 분포곡선을 산출한다.

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1. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)

FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is a powerful analytical technique that provides valuable information about the chemical composition and molecular structure of materials. This technique utilizes the interaction between infrared radiation and the vibrational modes of molecules to generate a unique 'fingerprint' spectrum for a given sample. FT-IR is widely used in various fields, including materials science, chemistry, biology, and pharmaceuticals, due to its ability to identify and characterize a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds. The technique is non-destructive, relatively fast, and requires minimal sample preparation, making it a versatile and efficient tool for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. FT-IR spectra can provide insights into the functional groups, molecular bonding, and conformational changes within a sample, enabling researchers and analysts to gain a deeper understanding of the chemical and physical properties of materials. The technique's high sensitivity, reproducibility, and ability to analyze solid, liquid, and gaseous samples make it an indispensable tool in modern analytical laboratories.
2. TGA (Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer)

TGA (Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer) is a powerful analytical technique that measures the change in the mass of a sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere. This technique is widely used in various fields, including materials science, polymer chemistry, and thermal analysis, to study the thermal stability, decomposition, and composition of a wide range of materials. TGA provides valuable information about the physical and chemical changes that occur in a sample during heating or cooling, such as phase transitions, oxidation, and dehydration. By analyzing the weight loss or gain patterns, researchers can gain insights into the thermal behavior, kinetics, and composition of the sample, which is crucial for understanding the material's properties and performance under different environmental conditions. TGA is particularly useful for studying the thermal stability of polymers, ceramics, and other materials, as well as for quantifying the content of volatile components, such as moisture or solvents, in a sample. The technique's high sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility make it an indispensable tool in modern analytical laboratories, enabling researchers to make informed decisions about the design, processing, and application of materials.
3. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter)

DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) is a powerful analytical technique that measures the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and a reference material as a function of temperature. This technique is widely used in various fields, including materials science, polymer chemistry, and thermal analysis, to study the thermal properties and phase transitions of a wide range of materials. DSC provides valuable information about the energy changes that occur in a sample during heating or cooling, such as melting, crystallization, glass transitions, and chemical reactions. By analyzing the heat flow patterns, researchers can gain insights into the thermal behavior, kinetics, and thermodynamic properties of the sample, which is crucial for understanding the material's performance and potential applications. DSC is particularly useful for studying the thermal stability, purity, and compatibility of materials, as well as for quantifying the enthalpy changes associated with various phase transitions and chemical processes. The technique's high sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility make it an indispensable tool in modern analytical laboratories, enabling researchers to make informed decisions about the design, processing, and application of materials.
4. NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer)

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer) is a powerful analytical technique that provides detailed information about the chemical structure and molecular properties of a wide range of materials, including organic compounds, polymers, and biological molecules. This technique utilizes the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, such as hydrogen (1H) and carbon (13C), to generate a unique 'fingerprint' spectrum for a given sample. NMR spectroscopy is widely used in various fields, including chemistry, biochemistry, materials science, and pharmaceutical research, due to its ability to provide non-destructive, quantitative, and highly specific information about the molecular structure, conformation, and dynamics of a sample. By analyzing the NMR spectrum, researchers can identify the presence and abundance of different functional groups, determine the connectivity and spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule, and even study the interactions between molecules in complex systems. The technique's high sensitivity, resolution, and versatility make it an indispensable tool in modern analytical laboratories, enabling researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the chemical and physical properties of materials and to develop new products and technologies with improved performance and functionality.
5. GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatograph)

GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatograph) is a powerful analytical technique that is used to determine the molecular weight distribution and size of polymers and other macromolecules. This technique separates molecules based on their size or hydrodynamic volume as they pass through a porous gel-filled column. GPC is widely used in various fields, including polymer science, materials science, and biotechnology, to characterize the molecular properties of a wide range of materials, such as synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and proteins. By analyzing the GPC chromatogram, researchers can obtain information about the number-average molecular weight (Mn), weight-average molecular weight (Mw), and polydispersity index (PDI) of a polymer sample, which are crucial parameters for understanding the material's physical and mechanical properties, as well as its performance in various applications. GPC is particularly useful for quality control, process optimization, and the development of new polymeric materials, as it provides a detailed and quantitative analysis of the molecular weight distribution and size of the sample. The technique's high sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility make it an indispensable tool in modern analytical laboratories, enabling researchers to make informed decisions about the design, processing, and application of polymeric materials.