Semiconductor Device and Design

Semiconductor Device and Design - 13~14

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1. Full Custom Design

Full Custom Design은 표준화된 셀 라이브러리를 사용하지 않고 모든 회로를 설계하는 방식입니다. 장점은 칩 가격이 낮고 성능과 면적 효율이 높지만, 설계 기간이 길고 복잡도와 위험이 높습니다.
2. Semi Custom Design

Semi Custom Design은 표준 셀과 메모리 생성기를 사용하는 빠른 설계 방식입니다. 장점은 단순성과 널리 사용되는 방식이지만, 셀 성능이 제한적이고 설계 면적 효율이 낮습니다.
3. Gate Array

Gate Array는 기본 논리 게이트와 금속 배선이 웨이퍼에 미리 구현된 반도체 설계 방식입니다. 장점은 턴어라운드 시간이 짧고 디지털 시스템에 적합하지만, 실리콘 면적 효율이 낮고 전력 소비가 높으며 스위칭 속도가 느립니다.
4. Standard Cell

Standard Cell은 완전히 커스터마이즈된 레이아웃 설계를 셀 라이브러리에 저장하여 배선을 최소화하는 반도체 설계 방식입니다. 장점은 실리콘 면적 효율이 높고 칩 속도가 향상되지만, 설계 비용이 증가하고 개발 속도가 느립니다.
5. FPLD

FPLD(Field Programmable Logic Device)는 사용자가 프로그래밍할 수 있는 범용 IC입니다. 장점은 프로그래밍 시간이 짧고 NRE 비용이 없으며 즉시 테스트할 수 있지만, 실리콘 면적 효율이 낮고 개별 장치 가격이 높습니다.

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1. Full Custom Design

Full custom design is a highly specialized and complex approach to integrated circuit (IC) design, where every aspect of the circuit layout, including transistors, interconnections, and other components, is designed from scratch. This approach offers the highest level of design flexibility and optimization, allowing for the creation of highly efficient and high-performance ICs. However, it also requires a significant investment of time, resources, and expertise, making it a more expensive and time-consuming process compared to other design methodologies. Full custom design is typically used for the development of high-performance, low-power, or specialized ICs, where the benefits of customization outweigh the increased costs and development time. This approach is often employed in the design of microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and other mission-critical systems where every bit of performance and efficiency is crucial.
2. Semi Custom Design

Semi-custom design is a middle ground between full custom design and standard cell design, offering a balance between design flexibility and development time/cost. In this approach, the designer starts with a pre-designed set of logic cells or macros, which can be interconnected and customized to create the desired circuit. This allows for a faster and more cost-effective design process compared to full custom design, while still providing a certain degree of customization and optimization. Semi-custom design is often used for the development of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), where the designer can leverage pre-designed and pre-verified building blocks to create a unique and tailored solution. This approach is particularly useful for applications where the design requirements are not as demanding as those in full custom design, but still require some level of customization and optimization. The trade-off is that the final design may not be as highly optimized as a full custom design, but the overall development time and cost can be significantly reduced.
3. Gate Array

Gate array is a type of semi-custom integrated circuit (IC) design, where the basic logic cells or gates are pre-fabricated on a silicon wafer, and the final customization is done by interconnecting these pre-designed gates. This approach offers a faster and more cost-effective design process compared to full custom design, as the designer can focus on the interconnections rather than the individual transistors or logic cells. Gate arrays are particularly useful for low-to-medium volume production, where the upfront cost of a full custom design may not be justified. The pre-fabricated gates provide a certain level of flexibility, allowing the designer to create a wide range of circuit designs without the need for a complete redesign of the underlying silicon. However, the performance and efficiency of gate array designs may not be as high as full custom designs, as the pre-fabricated gates may not be optimized for the specific application. Overall, gate array design is a compromise between design flexibility, development time, and cost, making it a suitable option for certain types of applications where the performance requirements are not as demanding.
4. Standard Cell

Standard cell design is a type of semi-custom integrated circuit (IC) design, where the designer selects from a pre-defined library of standardized logic cells or macros to create the desired circuit. These standard cells are pre-designed and pre-verified, offering a high degree of predictability and reliability. The designer's role is to interconnect these standard cells to implement the desired functionality, rather than designing the individual transistors or logic gates from scratch. This approach offers several advantages, including faster design time, lower development costs, and the ability to leverage pre-existing intellectual property (IP) blocks. Standard cell design is particularly well-suited for high-volume production, as the upfront investment in the standard cell library can be amortized over a large number of units. However, the performance and efficiency of standard cell designs may not be as high as full custom or gate array designs, as the designer is limited to the pre-defined standard cells. Overall, standard cell design provides a balance between design flexibility, development time, and cost, making it a popular choice for a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial and automotive systems.
5. FPLD

FPLD (Field Programmable Logic Device) is a type of integrated circuit that can be programmed or configured by the end-user to perform a specific function or set of functions. This is in contrast to traditional application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or gate arrays, which are designed and fabricated for a specific purpose. FPLDs, such as FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), offer a high degree of flexibility and reconfigurability, allowing designers to quickly prototype and implement their designs without the need for a lengthy and costly custom IC fabrication process. This makes FPLDs particularly useful for applications that require rapid prototyping, frequent design changes, or low-to-medium volume production. FPLDs also provide the ability to update or upgrade the functionality of a system in the field, which can be beneficial for applications that need to adapt to changing requirements or environments. However, FPLDs may not be as efficient or high-performing as custom-designed ASICs or gate arrays, and they typically consume more power. The choice between FPLDs and custom ICs often depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as performance, power, cost, and time-to-market considerations.

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