[성인간호학]검사 및 투약간호

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1. CBC (Complete Blood Count)

CBC는 채혈을 통해 모아진 소량의 검체를 통해 신체의 이상여부를 확인하는 가장 기본적인 임상검사입니다. 채혈 시 피부를 준비하고, 정맥주사를 맞고 있는 팔은 피합니다. 검사 결과 해석 시 WBC, RBC, Hb, PLT 등의 정상범위를 확인할 수 있습니다.
2. X-ray, CT, MRI, 내시경, 골반초음파, 심장초음파

X-ray, CT, MRI, 내시경, 골반초음파, 심장초음파 등 다양한 영상검사 방법이 있습니다. 각 검사 전 준비사항과 검사 시 주의사항을 숙지하고 있어야 합니다. 예를 들어 CT 검사 전 8시간 금식이 필요하고, 내시경 검사 시 진정제 투여로 인해 운전이 금지됩니다.
3. ABGA (Arterial Blood Gas Analysis)

ABGA는 폐의 가스교환 능력을 알아보는 가장 주된 방법이며, 중환자를 평가하고 관리하는 데 가장 기본적으로 이용되는 검사입니다. 검사 전 준비사항과 검사 결과 해석 방법을 숙지해야 합니다.
4. 심장효소검사

심근 손상 시 심장에 작용하는 혈청 효소 농도가 증가하는 원리를 이용한 검사로, 심근경색을 비롯한 심장질환의 진단에 활용됩니다. Myoglobin, BNP, CPK 등의 정상범위를 확인할 수 있습니다.
5. 전해질검사

전해질의 불균형으로 발생하는 각종 질병을 진단하고, 전해질의 농도를 교정하는 기준으로 삼기 위해 실시합니다. 나트륨, 칼륨, 염소, 중탄산염 등의 정상범위를 확인할 수 있습니다.
6. TACE (Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization)

TACE는 수술적 방법으로 절제가 불가능한 경우나 수술 전후 치료 목적으로 시행하는 시술입니다. 시술 전 준비사항과 주의사항을 숙지해야 합니다.
7. Thoracentesis

Thoracentesis는 흉강 내 생긴 액체나 세포를 주사기를 통해 빼내는 시술입니다. 천자부위 사정, 삼출액 천천히 흡인하여 순환허탈 위험성을 예방해야 합니다.
8. 복막투석

복막투석은 혈액 내 요소와 크레아티닌 등의 단백질 최종 대사산물과 체내의 과잉 수분을 제거하고 요독 증상을 완화하기 위해 실시합니다. 투석액을 체온과 비슷하게 가온하고 정해진 횟수를 지켜야 하며, 도관 삽입 부위를 잘 관찰해야 합니다.
9. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

PCR은 코로나 바이러스 감염 여부를 확인하는 검사입니다. 감염되지 않게 철저한 소독이 필요합니다.
10. 요분석

요분석은 요로계의 이상뿐만 아니라 전신적인 내분비/대사 질환에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 실시합니다. 환자에게 소변 모으는 방법을 설명하고, 회음부 청결 상태를 확인해야 합니다.

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1. CBC (Complete Blood Count)

The Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a widely used diagnostic test that provides valuable information about a person's overall health. It measures the levels of different blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The CBC can help detect a wide range of conditions, from anemia and infections to blood disorders and certain types of cancer. By analyzing the results of a CBC, healthcare providers can gain insights into a patient's overall well-being and make informed decisions about their treatment and management. The CBC is a crucial tool in the field of clinical medicine, as it helps healthcare professionals identify potential health issues early on and monitor the progress of various medical conditions. Overall, the CBC is an essential component of routine health checkups and plays a vital role in maintaining and improving the health of individuals.
2. X-ray, CT, MRI, 내시경, 골반초음파, 심장초음파

Diagnostic imaging techniques, such as X-ray, CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), endoscopy, pelvic ultrasound, and cardiac ultrasound, are invaluable tools in modern healthcare. These technologies allow healthcare providers to visualize the internal structures of the body, enabling them to diagnose and monitor a wide range of medical conditions with greater accuracy and precision. X-rays provide a quick and cost-effective way to examine bones and detect fractures, while CT scans and MRI offer more detailed, three-dimensional images of the body's organs and tissues, helping to identify abnormalities or diseases. Endoscopy allows for the direct examination of the gastrointestinal tract, while pelvic and cardiac ultrasounds provide real-time images of the reproductive organs and the heart, respectively. These diagnostic tools play a crucial role in early detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment planning, ultimately improving patient outcomes and enhancing the overall quality of healthcare. As technology continues to advance, the capabilities of these imaging modalities will likely expand, further enhancing their value in the medical field.
3. ABGA (Arterial Blood Gas Analysis)

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis (ABGA) is a crucial diagnostic test that provides valuable information about the functioning of a patient's respiratory and metabolic systems. By measuring the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other important blood gases, ABGA helps healthcare providers assess the body's ability to transport and utilize oxygen, as well as the balance of acids and bases in the blood. This information is particularly important for patients with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or heart failure. ABGA can help identify the underlying causes of respiratory distress, guide the administration of oxygen therapy, and monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Additionally, ABGA is often used in critical care settings, such as intensive care units, to closely monitor the status of patients with life-threatening conditions. Overall, ABGA is an essential tool in the management of a wide range of medical conditions, as it provides healthcare providers with the necessary data to make informed decisions and deliver targeted, personalized care to their patients.
4. 심장효소검사

Cardiac enzyme tests are a crucial diagnostic tool in the evaluation and management of patients with suspected heart-related conditions. These tests measure the levels of specific enzymes and proteins that are released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is damaged, such as troponin and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). By monitoring the levels of these cardiac enzymes, healthcare providers can detect the presence and extent of myocardial injury, which is often associated with conditions like acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), myocarditis, and other forms of heart disease. Cardiac enzyme tests are particularly valuable in the emergency department, where they can help differentiate between chest pain caused by a heart attack and other non-cardiac conditions. Additionally, these tests can be used to monitor the progress of treatment and the recovery of heart function in patients with known cardiac conditions. Overall, cardiac enzyme tests are an essential component of the diagnostic toolkit for healthcare providers, as they provide critical information that can guide the timely and appropriate management of patients with suspected or known heart-related issues.
5. 전해질검사

Electrolyte tests are a fundamental component of routine laboratory testing and play a crucial role in the assessment and management of a wide range of medical conditions. Electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate, are essential for maintaining the body's fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, and acid-base balance. Imbalances in these electrolytes can be indicative of underlying health issues, such as dehydration, kidney dysfunction, hormonal disorders, or gastrointestinal problems. By analyzing the levels of electrolytes in a patient's blood or urine, healthcare providers can identify potential imbalances and take appropriate action to restore the body's homeostasis. Electrolyte tests are particularly important for patients with chronic conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, as well as those who are critically ill or undergoing certain medical treatments. Overall, electrolyte testing is a valuable diagnostic tool that helps healthcare professionals monitor a patient's overall health and make informed decisions about their care.
6. TACE (Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization)

Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) is a minimally invasive, image-guided procedure used to treat certain types of cancer, particularly liver cancer. TACE involves the selective delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and embolic agents directly to the tumor site through the blood vessels, effectively cutting off the tumor's blood supply and delivering a high concentration of the anticancer drugs. This targeted approach helps to maximize the effectiveness of the treatment while minimizing the systemic side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy. TACE has been shown to be an effective treatment option for patients with unresectable liver tumors, as it can help to shrink the tumor, improve symptoms, and potentially prolong survival. Additionally, TACE can be used as a bridge to other treatments, such as liver transplantation or surgical resection, by reducing the size and extent of the tumor. Overall, TACE is a valuable tool in the management of liver cancer and other solid tumors, as it offers a less invasive and potentially more effective alternative to traditional cancer treatments.
7. Thoracentesis

Thoracentesis is a medical procedure in which a small amount of fluid is removed from the space between the lung and the chest wall, known as the pleural space. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose or treat various conditions that can lead to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, such as pleural effusions, pneumonia, or cancer. During a thoracentesis, a healthcare provider uses imaging guidance, such as ultrasound, to insert a thin needle or catheter into the pleural space and withdraw the fluid for analysis. This analysis can provide valuable information about the underlying cause of the fluid buildup, which can then guide the appropriate treatment. Thoracentesis is generally a safe and well-tolerated procedure, and it can provide significant relief for patients experiencing symptoms related to the fluid accumulation, such as shortness of breath or chest pain. Overall, thoracentesis is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the management of various respiratory and thoracic conditions, and it plays a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
8. 복막투석

Peritoneal dialysis is a type of renal replacement therapy used to treat patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this procedure, a sterile solution, known as dialysate, is infused into the patient's abdominal cavity through a surgically implanted catheter. The dialysate then absorbs waste products and excess fluid from the patient's bloodstream through the peritoneal membrane, which acts as a natural filter. After a specified dwell time, the used dialysate is drained from the body, and fresh dialysate is infused. Peritoneal dialysis offers several advantages over hemodialysis, including the ability to perform the treatment at home, greater flexibility in scheduling, and a more gradual removal of waste and fluid, which can be gentler on the body. Additionally, peritoneal dialysis may be associated with better preservation of residual kidney function and improved quality of life for some patients. However, it also carries the risk of complications, such as peritonitis, and requires a significant commitment from the patient to perform the treatment correctly and maintain a sterile environment. Overall, peritoneal dialysis is an important treatment option for ESRD patients, providing a more personalized and potentially more comfortable approach to managing their condition.
9. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a revolutionary molecular biology technique that has transformed the field of diagnostics and scientific research. PCR is a powerful tool that allows for the rapid and highly sensitive amplification of specific DNA or RNA sequences, enabling the detection and identification of a wide range of pathogens, genetic disorders, and other biological markers. The ability of PCR to detect even trace amounts of target genetic material has made it an indispensable tool in various applications, such as infectious disease diagnosis, forensic analysis, genetic testing, and environmental monitoring. In the context of healthcare, PCR-based tests have become increasingly important in the early detection and management of infectious diseases, including viral infections like COVID-19, as well as in the diagnosis and monitoring of genetic disorders and cancer. The versatility and accuracy of PCR have also led to its widespread use in research, allowing scientists to study and understand the genetic underpinnings of various biological processes and diseases. As technology continues to advance, the applications of PCR are likely to expand even further, solidifying its position as a crucial diagnostic and research tool in the modern era of biomedicine.
10. 요분석

Urinalysis is a fundamental diagnostic test that provides valuable information about a person's overall health and the functioning of their urinary system. This comprehensive analysis examines various physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of a urine sample, including factors such as color, clarity, pH, the presence of proteins, glucose, and other substances. Urinalysis can help healthcare providers detect and monitor a wide range of conditions, including urinary tract infections, kidney disorders, diabetes, and even certain types of cancer. By analyzing the composition and characteristics of a patient's urine, healthcare professionals can gain insights into the body's metabolic processes, identify potential imbalances or abnormalities, and make informed decisions about the appropriate course of treatment. Urinalysis is a non-invasive, cost-effective, and widely available diagnostic tool that is routinely performed as part of a comprehensive health assessment. Its importance in the early detection, diagnosis, and management of various medical conditions cannot be overstated, as it continues to play a vital role in maintaining and improving the overall health and well-being of individuals.

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