Rutherford scattering
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Rutherford scattering
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2023.05.30
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  • 1. Rutherford scattering
    1909년 H. 가이거와 E. 마스든은 금속박막에 충돌한 α입자(헬륨원자핵)의 산란각도 분푸를 살펴, 원자적 수준에서 보면 α입자가 가볍지도 않고 상당히 큰 에너지를 지니고 있으면서도 매우 큰 각도로 산란된다는 것을 확인했다. 이 사실은 당시 지배적이었던 J.J. 톰슨의 원자모형 즉, 전자의 음전하와 균형을 이루는 양전자가 원자의 내부에 골구로 분포하고 있다는 모델로는 설명하기가 어려웠다. 러더퍼드는 금속박막의 원자 내에는 원자번호에 비례하는 양전하를 갖는 무거운 산란중심(원자핵)이 있어서, α입자가 금속박막에 충돌할 때 양전하들 상의 쿨롱 힘에 의해 α입자가 산란되어 쌍곡선궤도를 그린다고 하면서 가이거 등의 각도 분포 측정결과를 설명할 수 있다는 것을 제시하였다.
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  • 1. Rutherford scattering
    Rutherford scattering is a fundamental concept in atomic physics that has had a profound impact on our understanding of the structure of atoms. This phenomenon, discovered by Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in 1911, provided the first experimental evidence for the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of an atom, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The Rutherford scattering experiment involved firing a beam of alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a thin gold foil. Contrary to the prevailing model of the atom at the time, which envisioned the atom as a uniform, positively charged sphere, Rutherford's experiment revealed that the majority of the alpha particles passed through the foil undeflected, while a small fraction were scattered at large angles. This observation led Rutherford to propose a new model of the atom, with a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center and the electrons orbiting the nucleus at a relatively large distance. The large-angle scattering of the alpha particles was attributed to their direct collision with the dense, positively charged nucleus, which deflected them through large angles due to the strong electrostatic repulsion between the positive charges. The Rutherford scattering experiment was a landmark in the history of atomic physics, as it not only provided the first experimental evidence for the nuclear model of the atom but also laid the foundation for the development of quantum mechanics and our modern understanding of atomic structure. The insights gained from this experiment have had far-reaching implications in fields such as nuclear physics, particle physics, and materials science, and continue to be an important topic of study in the education and research of atomic and nuclear physics.
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