The contribution of process-oriented research to translation studies and theory

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• 1. Process-oriented research

  Process-oriented research examines what knowledge translators used in the translation process, including how they selected equivalent vocabulary and expressions and what strategies they employed to solve the translation difficulties. It can comprehensively and intensively examine the phenomena that occur in the translation process of translators as well as behaviors that occur consciously or unconsciously.

• 2. Think Aloud Protocol (TAP)

  The Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) is a method of investigating cognitive processing in translation tasks. It involves asking a translator to verbalize their thinking while performing a translation task. However, this research generates insufficient experimenter performance as verbalization slows the translation task and relies on the translator's imperfect memory.

• 3. Triangulation

  To examine the same phenomenon and explain it from diverse perspectives, additional methods and data are employed, such as TAPs combined with a quality evaluation of the target texts, computer logging combined with TAPs, and a combination of questionnaires, eye-tracking, and retrospection. These methods require significant investment in equipment and collaboration in multidisciplinary.

• 4. Decision-making and problem-solving process

  Process-oriented research has contributed to a deeper understanding of decision-making and problem-solving activity in the translation process. It found that when translators encountered problems, they used diverse problem-solving strategies. Translation is an intelligent behavior from the perspective of problem-solving and decision-making, and it is a knowledge-based activity that requires the acquisition of organized knowledge.

• 5. Translation procedure of professional translators

  The translation process of translators with different levels of linguistic knowledge and translation experience has been researched. It was found that contrary to common beliefs, the translation procedure of professional translators is not more automatized than that of the translator with less experience. Instead, professional translators often find more problems in the texts than less experienced translators and are able to generate different possible translation solutions as the basis for their decision-making processes.

• 6. Reading and writing process in translation

  The process-oriented study also contributed to helping understand the reading and writing process in translation. The eye-mind hypothesis has been employed in reading studies, which have extensively used eye tracking as a research methodology. In process-oriented research, a writing process can be monitored by a computer or keystroke logging, which can provide information about the size of the cognitive translation unit and indicate that more experienced translators process larger segments than those less experienced.

• 7. Strengths and weaknesses of process-oriented research

  The strengths of process-oriented research include its ability to reveal important information about the human mind in the translation process and its contributions to translation research, language processing, and links between disciplines. However, there are also weaknesses, such as the invalidity of verbally reported information in TAP research, the use of unreliable measuring methods, and the potential threat to the ecological validity of the study due to experimental research designs and observational technologies.

• 8. Relevance to translation practice

  To raise the relevance of process-oriented research to translation practice, various research methods need to be studied involving collecting various types of observational or recorded data from cognitive processes. Additionally, how translators interact with the tools in terms of usability is essential. Well-structured tool usability research can develop translation technology and optimize the usability of tools for the benefit of research. The field should also develop its own tools for data to guarantee data reliability and conduct studies with a much greater generalization.

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• 1. Process-oriented research

  Process-oriented research in translation studies is a valuable approach that provides insights into the cognitive processes and decision-making strategies employed by translators during the translation process. By examining the step-by-step activities and thought processes of translators, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of translation. This type of research can shed light on the challenges translators face, the problem-solving techniques they utilize, and the factors that influence their decision-making. The findings from process-oriented research can inform translator training, improve translation quality, and contribute to the development of more effective translation technologies. However, it is important to recognize the limitations of this approach, such as the potential influence of the research setting on the translators' behavior and the difficulty in generalizing the findings to a broader population. Overall, process-oriented research is a crucial component of translation studies, complementing other research methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the translation process.

• 2. Think Aloud Protocol (TAP)

  The Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) is a widely used method in process-oriented research in translation studies. TAP involves asking translators to verbalize their thought processes while they are engaged in the translation task, providing researchers with valuable insights into the cognitive activities and decision-making strategies employed during the translation process. The TAP method has several advantages, such as its ability to capture the real-time thought processes of translators, its potential to reveal the underlying cognitive mechanisms involved in translation, and its flexibility in being applied to various translation scenarios. However, the TAP method also has some limitations, such as the potential for the verbalization process to interfere with the translation task, the risk of translators modifying their behavior due to the presence of the researcher, and the challenge of accurately interpreting the verbal protocols. Despite these limitations, the TAP method remains a valuable tool in process-oriented research, and its findings can contribute to the development of more effective translator training programs, translation technologies, and translation quality assessment methods.

• 3. Triangulation

  Triangulation is a research approach in translation studies that involves the use of multiple methods and data sources to investigate a particular phenomenon. This approach is particularly useful in process-oriented research, as it allows researchers to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the translation process by combining different types of data and perspectives. Triangulation can involve the use of various methods, such as Think Aloud Protocol (TAP), eye-tracking, keystroke logging, and retrospective interviews, to capture different aspects of the translation process. By cross-checking and corroborating the findings from these multiple sources, researchers can enhance the validity and reliability of their conclusions. Triangulation also helps to address the limitations of individual research methods, as the strengths of one method can compensate for the weaknesses of another. Furthermore, the use of triangulation can lead to a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the complex and multifaceted nature of translation, which can inform the development of more effective translation practices and technologies. Overall, triangulation is a valuable approach in process-oriented research, as it provides a more comprehensive and robust understanding of the translation process.

• 4. Decision-making and problem-solving process

  The decision-making and problem-solving processes of translators are central to process-oriented research in translation studies. By examining how translators make decisions and solve problems during the translation process, researchers can gain valuable insights into the cognitive and linguistic factors that influence the translation outcome. Process-oriented research has revealed that translation involves a complex interplay of various factors, such as the translator's linguistic knowledge, cultural awareness, subject-matter expertise, and problem-solving strategies. Translators often face a range of challenges, such as lexical ambiguity, syntactic complexity, and cultural references, and must employ a variety of problem-solving techniques to overcome these obstacles. These techniques may include consulting reference materials, seeking clarification from the client or source text author, and engaging in self-monitoring and self-correction. Understanding the decision-making and problem-solving processes of translators can inform the development of more effective translator training programs, translation technologies, and translation quality assessment methods. Additionally, this knowledge can contribute to a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes involved in language processing and cross-cultural communication.

• 5. Translation procedure of professional translators

  Process-oriented research has provided valuable insights into the translation procedures employed by professional translators. Studies have shown that professional translators often follow a systematic and iterative approach to the translation process, which involves a range of activities such as pre-translation analysis, drafting, revision, and post-translation review. Professional translators typically engage in extensive research and information gathering to understand the source text and its context, as well as to identify potential challenges and solutions. They may also utilize various problem-solving strategies, such as consulting reference materials, seeking clarification from subject-matter experts, and engaging in self-monitoring and self-correction. The findings from process-oriented research on the translation procedures of professional translators can inform the development of more effective translator training programs, as well as the design of translation technologies that better support the needs and workflows of professional translators. Additionally, understanding the translation procedures of professionals can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the cognitive and linguistic factors that influence the translation process, which can ultimately lead to improved translation quality and efficiency.

• 6. Reading and writing process in translation

  The reading and writing processes involved in translation are a key focus of process-oriented research in translation studies. This research examines how translators read and comprehend the source text, as well as how they generate and refine the target text. Studies have shown that the reading process in translation involves a complex interplay of linguistic, cognitive, and contextual factors, such as the translator's prior knowledge, the text's linguistic complexity, and the translation brief. Translators often engage in strategic reading, employing techniques like skimming, scanning, and close reading to understand the source text and identify potential challenges. The writing process in translation is equally complex, as translators must navigate linguistic and cultural differences, make decisions about terminology and phrasing, and engage in extensive revision and editing to produce a high-quality target text. Process-oriented research on the reading and writing processes in translation can inform the development of more effective translator training programs, translation technologies, and translation quality assessment methods. Additionally, this research can contribute to a deeper understanding of the cognitive and linguistic processes involved in cross-cultural communication and language processing.

• 7. Strengths and weaknesses of process-oriented research

  Process-oriented research in translation studies has both strengths and weaknesses. On the positive side, this approach provides valuable insights into the cognitive processes and decision-making strategies employed by translators during the translation process. By examining the step-by-step activities and thought processes of translators, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of translation. This can inform the development of more effective translator training programs, translation technologies, and translation quality assessment methods. Additionally, process-oriented research can contribute to a broader understanding of language processing and cross-cultural communication. However, process-oriented research also has some limitations. The research setting can influence the translators' behavior, potentially leading to findings that do not accurately reflect real-world translation practices. There are also challenges in generalizing the findings from small-scale studies to a broader population of translators. Furthermore, the verbalization process required in methods like Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) can interfere with the translation task, potentially altering the translators' natural thought processes. Despite these limitations, process-oriented research remains a valuable approach in translation studies, complementing other research methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the translation process. By addressing the strengths and weaknesses of this approach, researchers can continue to refine and improve process-oriented research methods, leading to more robust and insightful findings that can benefit the field of translation studies and practice.

• 8. Relevance to translation practice

  The findings from process-oriented research in translation studies have significant relevance and implications for translation practice. By examining the cognitive processes and decision-making strategies employed by translators during the translation process, researchers can provide valuable insights that can inform and improve translation practice in several ways: 1. Translator training: Process-oriented research can inform the development of more effective translator training programs by identifying the key skills, strategies, and problem-solving techniques that successful translators utilize. This can help to better prepare aspiring translators for the challenges they will face in the real-world translation process. 2. Translation technology development: Understanding the cognitive processes and workflows of professional translators can inform the design and development of translation technologies, such as computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, machine translation systems, and terminology management software. These technologies can be better tailored to support the needs and workflows of translators, enhancing their efficiency and productivity. 3. Translation quality assessment: Process-oriented research can contribute to the development of more robust and comprehensive translation quality assessment methods by providing insights into the factors that influence translation quality, such as the decision-making processes, problem-solving strategies, and revision practices of translators. 4. Translator-client communication: By shedding light on the challenges and decision-making processes involved in translation, process-oriented research can help to improve communication and collaboration between translators and their clients, leading to better-informed expectations and more successful translation projects. Overall, the relevance of process-oriented research to translation practice lies in its ability to provide a deeper understanding of the cognitive and linguistic factors that shape the translation process, ultimately leading to more effective and efficient translation practices, technologies, and quality assessment methods.