정신간호학 시험범위 정리, 개념 정리

문서 내 토픽

1. Marie Jahoda

마리 야호다는 정신건강의 기준을 제시하였다. 건강한 사람은 자신에 대한 긍정적 태도, 성장과 발달, 자아실현, 통합력, 자율성, 현실지각, 환경지배 등의 특성을 가지고 있다.
2. 치료적 관계

만성 정신장애인의 치료에는 조기발견, 조기치료, 탈원화, 재활과 사회적응, 인간적인 삶의 영위가 중요하다. 정신치료적 중재 모델에는 의사소통 능력, 약물치료, 환경치료, 신체치료, 행동치료 등이 포함된다.
3. 스트레스 이론

스트레스 반응 및 스트레스 모델에는 캐넌의 초기 스트레스 반응 이론, 셀리의 스트레스 적응 모델, 라자루스의 상호작용 접근 모델이 있다. 일반적응증후군 이론에 따르면 스트레스에 대한 반응은 경고 반응 단계, 저항 단계, 소진 단계로 나타난다.
4. 아세틸콜린

아세틸콜린은 니코틴성 수용체와 무스카린성 수용체가 있으며, 경련을 억제하는 효과가 있어 항경련제로 사용된다. 아세틸콜린 작용의 차단은 수면진정제의 부작용에서 나타나며, 기억에 관계하여 알츠하이머 치매 시 아세틸콜린의 증가가 보인다.
5. 방어기제

방어기제에는 억제, 부정, 합리화, 해리, 동일시, 함입, 보상, 반동형성, 취소, 전치, 투사, 전환, 신체화, 퇴행 등이 있다. 이 중 억제를 제외하고 모두 무의식적인 기전이다.

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1. Marie Jahoda

Marie Jahoda was an Austrian-British social psychologist who made significant contributions to the field of mental health and well-being. She is best known for her work on the concept of positive mental health, which she defined as more than just the absence of mental illness. Jahoda believed that positive mental health involved a sense of personal growth, self-acceptance, and the ability to cope with life's challenges. Her research on the psychological factors that contribute to mental health has had a lasting impact on the field of psychology and has influenced the way we think about mental health and well-being. Jahoda's work has been particularly influential in the development of community psychology and the promotion of mental health at the societal level. Overall, her contributions to the understanding of positive mental health and the factors that contribute to it have been invaluable.
2. 치료적 관계

The therapeutic relationship is a critical component of effective psychotherapy and counseling. It refers to the collaborative and trusting bond that develops between a client and their therapist or counselor. This relationship is characterized by empathy, acceptance, and a non-judgmental attitude from the therapist, which allows the client to feel safe and comfortable in exploring their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. The therapeutic relationship is not just a means to an end, but an end in itself, as it provides the foundation for the client's personal growth and change. Research has consistently shown that the quality of the therapeutic relationship is one of the strongest predictors of positive therapeutic outcomes, even more so than the specific techniques or approaches used by the therapist. Ultimately, the therapeutic relationship is a unique and powerful interpersonal dynamic that can facilitate healing, self-discovery, and personal transformation for the client.
3. 스트레스 이론

Stress theory is a well-established framework in the field of psychology that seeks to understand the physiological, psychological, and behavioral responses to stressful events or situations. The most influential stress theory is the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) developed by Hans Selye, which describes the body's three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This theory highlights the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the release of cortisol in the body's stress response. Other prominent stress theories, such as the transactional model of stress and coping by Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman, emphasize the importance of cognitive appraisal and the individual's perception of their ability to cope with stressors. These theories have been instrumental in understanding the complex interplay between environmental demands, individual differences, and physiological responses that contribute to the experience of stress. Stress theory has important implications for understanding the development of various mental and physical health conditions, as well as informing effective stress management and coping strategies. Overall, stress theory provides a valuable framework for exploring the multifaceted nature of the human stress response.
4. 아세틸콜린

Acetylcholine is a critically important neurotransmitter in the human body, playing a vital role in a wide range of physiological and cognitive functions. As a key component of the cholinergic system, acetylcholine is involved in the regulation of muscle contraction, the modulation of autonomic nervous system functions, and the facilitation of learning and memory processes in the brain. Acetylcholine acts on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which are found throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Disruptions in the cholinergic system, such as those seen in conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and myasthenia gravis, can have profound impacts on an individual's physical and cognitive abilities. Understanding the complex mechanisms and functions of acetylcholine has been a major focus of research in neuroscience, pharmacology, and clinical medicine, as it holds significant potential for the development of targeted treatments for a variety of neurological and neuromuscular disorders. Continued advancements in our knowledge of acetylcholine and its role in the body will likely lead to important breakthroughs in the understanding and management of a wide range of health conditions.
5. 방어기제

Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that individuals unconsciously employ to cope with anxiety, stress, and other negative emotions. These mechanisms, first described by Sigmund Freud and further developed by his daughter Anna Freud, serve to protect the individual's ego from overwhelming feelings or experiences. Some common defense mechanisms include repression, denial, projection, rationalization, and sublimation. While defense mechanisms can be adaptive and help maintain a sense of psychological well-being in the short term, excessive or maladaptive use of these mechanisms can lead to problematic behaviors and interpersonal difficulties. Understanding and recognizing one's own defense mechanisms can be an important step in personal growth and self-awareness, as it allows individuals to develop more constructive coping strategies. The study of defense mechanisms has been a significant area of research in the field of psychology, contributing to our understanding of human behavior, personality development, and the complex interplay between the conscious and unconscious mind. Ultimately, the concept of defense mechanisms provides valuable insights into the human psyche and the ways in which we navigate the challenges and stresses of everyday life.

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