[A+ 레포트] 미생물학 관련 단어 정리 레포

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1. aseptic technique

무균술은 잠재적인 병원균이 없는 상태를 유지하는 방법으로서 의료관련감염을 예방하기 위하여 의료기관의 다양한 수술이나 시술 등에 적용되는 개념이다. 무균술은 흔히 내과적 무균술과 외과적 무균술로 분류된다. 내과적 무균술은 미생물의 전파예방과 오염 최소화라는 개념이 적용되는 방법이므로 격리의 표준주의의 개념을 상당부분 포함한다. 외과적 무균술은 병원균 및 아포를 포함한 모든 미생물을 제거하는 것으로 멸균술(sterile technique)이라고도 하며, 수술이나 수술 시에 적용한다.
2. disinfection

소독, 살균은 전염병의 전염을 방지할 목적으로 물체의 표면에 있는 세균의 아포를 제외한 미생물을 사멸하는 방법이다. 아포는 고온, 건조, 동결, 방사선, 약품 등 물리/화학적 조건에 대해서 저항력이 강하고, 악조건 하에서도 오래 생존이 가능하여 특별한 주의가 필요하다. 소독제에는 Antiseptic(인체 소독)과 Disinfectant(물품/환경 소독)이 있으며, bacteriocidal action은 세균 등의 미생물을 살멸하는 작용을 말한다.
3. sterilization

멸균은 모든 종류의 미생물과 아포를 완전히 사멸하는 것을 말한다. 병원에서 사용하는 멸균 방법으로는 증기멸균법, E.O. (Ethylene Oxide) 가스멸균법, 건열멸균법, 과산화수소 가스플라즈마 멸균법, 과초산 멸균법 등이 있다. 멸균과 소독의 차이는 멸균이 모든 미생물을 완전히 사멸/제거하는 것이고, 소독은 병원성 미생물만 죽여 전파력 또는 감염력을 없애는 것이다.
4. bacteriostasis

정균작용은 특정 약제를 사용하여 특정 균주의 증식이나 활동이 억제되는 것을 말한다. 정균작용의 경우 약제가 제거되면 세균은 다시 증식한다. 정균제(bacteriostatic)의 예로는 방부제(antiseptic)가 있으며, 이는 미생물의 발육과 증식을 지속적으로 억제하는 효과를 가진다.
5. contamination

오염은 기구나 환경, 인체표면에 혈액이나 체액, 분비물, 배설물 등이 부착되어 있는 상태로 세균이나 바이러스 등의 미생물이 존재할 가능성이 높은 것을 말한다. decontamination은 기계적인 마찰이나 화학적 제재를 사용하여 오염물질을 제거하는 것이다.
6. infection

전염, 감염은 병원성 미생물이 사람이나 동물, 식물의 조직, 체액, 표면에 정착하여 증식하는 것을 말한다. 감염은 숙주의 방어능력에 따라 국소적, 전신적 또는 일시적일 수 있으며, 국소감염이 전신감염으로 확산될 수 있다.
7. normal flora

정상균무리, 정상세균총은 정상적으로 건강한 사람이나 동물의 체내외 표면에 상주하는 미생물 집단을 말한다. 정상균무리는 음식물 대사, 필수영양물질 공급, 병원균 감염예방, 면역반응 자극 등의 기능을 한다.
8. culture

배양은 미생물을 인공적 환경을 제공하여 자라게 하는 것을 말한다. 배양 특징은 산소가 있으면 더욱 잘 자라며 배양 시 줄모양을 형성한다. 10%의 이산화탄소에 의해 성장이 촉진된다.
9. medium

배지는 세균을 인공적으로 증식시키기 위해 필요한 영양소를 함유하는 증식환경을 말한다. 배지는 액체배지와 고체배지로 구분되며, 목적과 용도에 따라 증균배지, 분리배지, 감별배지, 확인배지, 선택배지 등으로 표현된다.
10. colony

집락은 세균 또는 단세포 조류-균류 등이 고형배지에서 육안으로 볼 수 있는 집단을 말한다. 집락의 성상을 관찰하여 균종을 동정하는데 참고할 수 있다.

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1. aseptic technique

Aseptic technique is a critical concept in healthcare and laboratory settings, as it helps prevent the introduction of microorganisms that can cause infections or contaminate samples. It involves a set of practices and procedures designed to maintain a sterile environment and minimize the risk of microbial transmission. This includes thorough handwashing, the use of personal protective equipment, proper handling and sterilization of equipment and materials, and maintaining a clean and organized work area. Mastering aseptic technique is essential for healthcare professionals, researchers, and anyone working with potentially infectious materials, as it helps ensure the safety of patients, samples, and the broader community. By adhering to these principles, we can reduce the incidence of healthcare-associated infections, improve patient outcomes, and advance scientific research with a high degree of reliability and confidence.
2. disinfection

Disinfection is a crucial process in healthcare, laboratory, and various other settings to eliminate or inactivate harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It involves the use of chemical agents or physical methods to destroy or remove pathogenic organisms, reducing the risk of infection and contamination. Effective disinfection practices are essential for maintaining a safe and hygienic environment, protecting patients, healthcare workers, and the general public. The choice of disinfectant and the proper application of disinfection protocols are crucial, as they can impact the efficacy of the process and the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance. Ongoing research and advancements in disinfection technologies, as well as the implementation of comprehensive disinfection programs, are vital to ensuring the highest standards of cleanliness and safety in various industries and settings.
3. sterilization

Sterilization is a fundamental process in healthcare, laboratory, and industrial settings to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. It is a critical step in ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices, surgical instruments, and other equipment used in patient care, research, and manufacturing. Effective sterilization techniques, such as autoclaving, chemical sterilization, and radiation, are essential for preventing the transmission of infectious diseases and ensuring the integrity of sterile products. The validation and monitoring of sterilization processes are crucial to maintaining the highest standards of quality and safety. Ongoing research and innovation in sterilization technologies, as well as the implementation of robust sterilization protocols, are vital to protecting patients, healthcare workers, and the broader community from the risks of microbial contamination.
4. bacteriostasis

Bacteriostasis refers to the inhibition or suppression of bacterial growth and reproduction, without necessarily killing the bacteria. This is an important concept in various fields, including microbiology, medicine, and food preservation. Bacteriostatic agents, such as certain antibiotics, disinfectants, and preservatives, can prevent the proliferation of bacteria without necessarily destroying them. This can be a useful strategy in situations where complete sterilization is not required or feasible, such as in the treatment of certain bacterial infections or the preservation of food products. Bacteriostasis can be a temporary measure, allowing the host's immune system or other interventions to eliminate the bacteria, or it can be a long-term solution for maintaining microbial control. Understanding the mechanisms and applications of bacteriostasis is crucial for developing effective strategies to manage and control the growth of harmful bacteria in various contexts.
5. contamination

Contamination refers to the introduction or presence of unwanted, potentially harmful substances or microorganisms in a given environment or sample. This is a critical concern in various fields, including healthcare, food production, and scientific research, as it can lead to serious consequences such as the transmission of infectious diseases, the spoilage of food, or the invalidation of experimental results. Preventing and mitigating contamination requires a multifaceted approach, including the implementation of strict aseptic techniques, the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, the proper handling and storage of materials, and the implementation of rigorous cleaning and disinfection protocols. Ongoing monitoring, risk assessment, and the development of robust contamination control strategies are essential to maintaining the integrity and safety of products, processes, and research. Addressing contamination is a crucial aspect of ensuring the quality, reliability, and safety of various industries and applications.
6. infection

Infection is a serious health concern that occurs when harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, invade and multiply within the body, causing various adverse effects. Infections can range from mild, localized conditions to severe, life-threatening illnesses, and they can be acquired through a variety of routes, including direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or exposure to contaminated surfaces or environments. Effective prevention and management of infections require a comprehensive approach, including proper hygiene practices, vaccination, antimicrobial therapy, and the implementation of infection control measures in healthcare and community settings. Understanding the mechanisms of infection, the epidemiology of infectious diseases, and the development of innovative diagnostic and treatment strategies are crucial for protecting public health, reducing the burden of infectious diseases, and improving patient outcomes. Ongoing research and collaboration among healthcare professionals, scientists, and policymakers are essential to addressing the evolving challenges posed by infectious agents and ensuring the well-being of individuals and communities.
7. normal flora

Normal flora, also known as the microbiome or commensal microbiota, refers to the diverse community of microorganisms that naturally reside on and within the human body, primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and other mucosal surfaces. These microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining human health, as they contribute to various physiological processes, such as nutrient absorption, immune system development, and the prevention of pathogenic microbial overgrowth. The composition and diversity of the normal flora can be influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, age, and the use of antimicrobial agents. Disruptions to the normal flora, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to the development of various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, allergies, and even certain chronic diseases. Understanding the complex interactions between the human host and the normal flora, as well as the factors that shape its composition, is an active area of research with significant implications for human health and disease prevention. Maintaining a healthy and balanced normal flora is an important aspect of overall well-being.
8. culture

In the context of microbiology, a culture refers to the process of growing and propagating microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, in a controlled laboratory environment. This technique is essential for the identification, characterization, and study of various microbial species, as well as for the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. Culturing microorganisms involves providing them with the necessary nutrients, growth conditions, and environmental factors to allow them to multiply and form visible colonies or populations. The ability to culture microbes has been a fundamental tool in microbiology, enabling researchers and clinicians to isolate, identify, and study the properties of specific microorganisms. Furthermore, microbial cultures are crucial for the development and testing of antimicrobial agents, the production of vaccines and other biotechnological products, and the investigation of the role of microbes in various ecological and industrial processes. Continuous advancements in culturing techniques, including the development of specialized media and automated systems, have expanded the capabilities of microbiological research and diagnostics, contributing to our understanding of the microbial world and its impact on human health and the environment.
9. medium

In microbiology, a medium refers to the nutrient-rich substance or environment used to support the growth and cultivation of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Microbiological media are designed to provide the necessary nutrients, growth factors, and physical conditions required for the optimal growth and proliferation of specific microbial species. These media can take various forms, including solid agar plates, liquid broths, or semi-solid gels, and they can be formulated with different combinations of nutrients, salts, and other additives to cater to the specific requirements of different microorganisms. The choice of medium is crucial in microbiology, as it can influence the growth, morphology, and metabolic characteristics of the cultured microbes, which are essential for their identification, characterization, and further study. Advancements in media formulation, including the development of selective and differential media, have expanded the capabilities of microbiological techniques, enabling researchers and clinicians to isolate, identify, and investigate a wide range of microbial species with greater accuracy and efficiency. The proper selection and use of appropriate microbiological media are fundamental to the success of various applications, from diagnostic testing to biotechnological research and production.
10. colony

In microbiology, a colony refers to the visible growth of a population of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, on a solid growth medium or surface. Colonies are formed when a single microbial cell or a small group of cells multiplies and expands, resulting in a distinct, localized cluster of cells with a characteristic appearance. The study and analysis of microbial colonies are essential in various fields, including clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and research. Colonies can provide valuable information about the identity, morphology, and growth characteristics of the microorganisms present, which can be used for identification, enumeration, and further investigation. The formation and observation of colonies are crucial steps in many microbiological techniques, such as isolation, purification, and characterization of microbial species. Additionally, the ability to obtain pure cultures of microorganisms through colony isolation is a fundamental aspect of microbiology, enabling researchers to study the properties and behaviors of individual microbial species in a controlled environment. Ongoing advancements in colony-based techniques, including the development of automated colony counting and imaging systems, have enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of microbiological analyses, contributing to our understanding of the microbial world and its impact on various aspects of human life and the environment.