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서울여자대학교 유기화학실험 Distillation 결과 레포트

"서울여자대학교 유기화학실험 Distillation 결과 레포트"에 대한 내용입니다.
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최초등록일 2024.07.05 최종저작일 2024.05
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서울여자대학교 유기화학실험 Distillation 결과 레포트
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    • 🔬 유기화학 실험의 증류 기술을 상세하게 설명하는 전문 레포트
    • 📊 다양한 증류 방법(Simple, Azeotropic 등)의 원리와 실제 실험 과정 제공
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    소개

    "서울여자대학교 유기화학실험 Distillation 결과 레포트"에 대한 내용입니다.

    목차

    1. Subject Distillation
    2. Date
    3. Name
    4-1 Principle
    4-2. Object
    5. Material (in English)
    6. Procedure & Observation
    7. Result
    8. Discussion
    9. Reference

    본문내용

    1. Subject Distillation
    2. Date
    3. Name
    4-1 Principle

    Theories of distillation
    Raoult’s law of partial pressure
    비휘발성, 비전해질인 용질이 녹아 있는 용액의 증기압내림은 용질의 몰분율에 비례한다는 법칙이다. 이 법칙에 의하면 묽은 용액의 증기압력내림률은 용질의 몰 분율과 같고, 용매·용질의 종류와는 무관하다. 또한 이 법칙은 용액의 농도가 작고 용매의 성질이 용질을 가함으로써 본질적인 변화를 받지 않는다는 전제 하에 성립한다. Raoult’s law를 식으로 나타내면 다음과 같다.

    Dalton’s law
    혼합 기체의 압력에 관한 법칙이다. 혼합 기체의 전체 압력은 각 성분 기체의 부분 압력(혼합 기체가 들어 있는 용기와 같은 부피의 용기에 성분 기체가 단독으로 들어 있을 때 나타내는 압력)을 더한 값과 같으며, 어느 한 성분 기체의 부분 압력은 섞여 있는 다른 기체 분자의 존재 여부와 무관하다는 법칙이다. 식으로 나타내면 다음과 같다.

    ① Simple distillation
    단순증류법에서는 다른 물질을 넣지 않고 단순히 heating하여 boiling point를 넘으면 cooling하여 liquid phase를 collection할 수 있다. 즉 liquid mixture가 heating되어 생긴 vapor를 condenser로 통과시켜 liquid를 얻는 것이다. Distillation을 할 때에 100℃ 이상으로 온도를 높여야 하는 경우이면 진공 하에서 bp가 낮아지는 원리를 이용하여 vacuum distillation을 해야 한다. , graduate cylinder를 사용할 경우에는 open system이 되어 공기가 접촉하므로 공기 중 수분이 들어오 습도에 상관없이 일정량의 수분이 따라와 얻어야 하는 pure liquid가 oxygen reactive하거나 moisture sensitive하면 오염되어 distillation의 의미가 퇴색된다.

    참고자료

    · msds 자료 – 안전보건공단 화학물질정보, http://msds.kosha.or.kr/ -화학대사전. 단증류. 2022.10.09
    · https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=2281348&cid=60227&categoryId=60227
    · 두산백과. 라울의 법칙. 2022.10.09
    · https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1086837&cid=40942&categoryId=32252
    · 사이언스올. 라울의 법칙. 2022.10.09
    · https://www.scienceall.com/%eb%9d%bc%ec%9a%b8%ec%9d%98-%eb%b2%95%ec%b9%99raoults-law/
    · Basic 고교생을 위한 화학 용어사전. 돌턴의 부분 압력의 법칙. 2022.10.09
    · https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=945034&cid=47337&categoryId=47337
    · 화학용어사전. 분별증류. 2022.10.09
    · https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=605951&cid=42420&categoryId=42420
    · 두산백과. 분별증류. 2022.10.09
    · https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1104630&cid=40942&categoryId=32255
    · 두산백과. 감압증류. 2022.10.09
    · https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1056593&cid=40942&categoryId=32254
    · 사이언스올. 공비증류. 2022.10.09
    · https://www.scienceall.com/%EA%B3%B5%EB%B9%84%EC%A6%9D%EB%A5%98azeotropic-distillation-%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%B8%E8%92%B8%E6%BA%9C-2/
    · 두산백과. 공비증류. 2022.10.09
    · https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1063351&cid=40942&categoryId=32255
  • AI와 토픽 톺아보기

    • 1. Raoult's law
      Raoult's law is a fundamental principle in physical chemistry that describes the relationship between the vapor pressure of a component in a solution and its mole fraction. It states that the partial vapor pressure of a component in an ideal solution is proportional to its mole fraction in the solution. This law is particularly useful in understanding the behavior of solutions, especially in the context of distillation processes. It helps predict the composition of the vapor phase in equilibrium with the liquid phase, which is crucial for designing and optimizing distillation equipment and processes. Raoult's law provides a simple and accurate model for describing the vapor-liquid equilibrium in many systems, making it an essential tool for chemical engineers and chemists working in areas such as separation technology, thermodynamics, and process design.
    • 2. Dalton's law
      Dalton's law is a fundamental principle in physical chemistry that describes the behavior of mixtures of gases. It states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture. This law is particularly useful in understanding the behavior of gas mixtures, which are commonly encountered in various industrial and scientific applications. Dalton's law allows for the prediction of the composition of the gas phase in equilibrium with a liquid or solid phase, which is crucial for designing and optimizing processes such as distillation, absorption, and adsorption. It also has important implications in areas like atmospheric science, where it helps explain the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. Overall, Dalton's law is a powerful tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of gas mixtures, making it an essential concept in the field of physical chemistry and chemical engineering.
    • 3. Simple distillation
      Simple distillation is a fundamental separation technique in chemistry and chemical engineering. It involves the vaporization and subsequent condensation of a liquid mixture to separate its components based on their differences in boiling points. This process is widely used in various industries, such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and food processing, for the purification and separation of a wide range of substances. Simple distillation is a relatively straightforward and cost-effective method, making it a popular choice for many applications. However, its effectiveness is limited to the separation of components with sufficiently different boiling points. For more complex mixtures or azeotropic systems, more advanced distillation techniques, such as fractional distillation or azeotropic distillation, may be required. Overall, simple distillation remains a crucial tool in the arsenal of separation techniques, providing a reliable and efficient way to purify and isolate various compounds.
    • 4. Fractional distillation
      Fractional distillation is a more advanced separation technique compared to simple distillation, and it is widely used in the petrochemical industry and other applications where the separation of complex mixtures is required. This process involves the stepwise vaporization and condensation of a liquid mixture, allowing for the separation of components with closely spaced boiling points. The key feature of fractional distillation is the use of a fractionating column, which contains a series of trays or plates that facilitate the efficient separation of the components. As the vapor rises through the column, it undergoes multiple stages of condensation and re-vaporization, resulting in a more complete separation of the mixture. Fractional distillation is particularly useful for the refining of crude oil, the production of high-purity solvents, and the separation of azeotropic mixtures. Its ability to achieve high-purity separations makes it an indispensable tool in the chemical industry and other fields where the precise control of composition is crucial.
    • 5. Vacuum distillation
      Vacuum distillation is a specialized separation technique that is used to separate components with high boiling points or those that are thermally sensitive. By reducing the pressure in the distillation system, the boiling points of the components are lowered, allowing for the separation to occur at lower temperatures. This is particularly useful for the purification of compounds that may undergo decomposition or other undesirable reactions at higher temperatures. Vacuum distillation is commonly used in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries for the purification of heat-sensitive compounds, such as vitamins, fragrances, and essential oils. It is also employed in the production of high-purity solvents and the separation of heavy oils and waxes. The reduced pressure in the system helps to minimize the thermal stress on the components, leading to improved product quality and yield. Overall, vacuum distillation is a valuable technique for the separation and purification of a wide range of thermally sensitive materials.
    • 6. Azeotropic distillation
      Azeotropic distillation is a specialized separation technique used to separate azeotropic mixtures, which are liquid mixtures that exhibit a constant boiling point and composition during distillation. Azeotropic mixtures cannot be separated by simple or fractional distillation, as the vapor and liquid compositions remain the same throughout the process. Azeotropic distillation overcomes this limitation by introducing a third component, called an entrainer or azeotrope-breaking agent, which forms a new azeotrope with one of the original components. This new azeotrope has a different boiling point and composition, allowing for the separation of the original components. Azeotropic distillation is widely used in the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries for the purification of solvents, the separation of isomers, and the production of high-purity chemicals. It is a powerful technique that expands the range of mixtures that can be effectively separated, making it an essential tool in the field of chemical engineering and separation science.
    • 7. Molecular distillation
      Molecular distillation, also known as short-path distillation, is a specialized separation technique used to purify heat-sensitive and high-boiling-point compounds. This process involves the evaporation and condensation of molecules under high vacuum conditions, with a very short distance between the evaporation and condensation surfaces. The short path length minimizes the exposure of the molecules to heat, making it particularly suitable for the purification of thermally labile compounds, such as vitamins, hormones, and essential oils. Molecular distillation is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, where the preservation of the chemical and biological properties of the target compounds is crucial. The high vacuum conditions and the short path length also allow for the separation of compounds with very small differences in boiling points, making molecular distillation a valuable tool for the purification of complex mixtures. Overall, this technique provides a gentle and efficient way to separate and purify heat-sensitive and high-boiling-point substances, making it an essential process in various industries.
    • 8. Extractive distillation
      Extractive distillation is a separation technique used to separate azeotropic or close-boiling mixtures that cannot be effectively separated by simple or fractional distillation. This process involves the addition of a third component, called an entrainer or extractive agent, which selectively interacts with one of the components in the original mixture. The entrainer alters the relative volatility of the components, allowing for their separation through distillation. Extractive distillation is particularly useful for the separation of alcohol-water mixtures, the purification of organic solvents, and the separation of isomers. The choice of the appropriate entrainer is crucial, as it must be selective, non-reactive, and easily recoverable from the final products. Extractive distillation is a versatile technique that expands the range of mixtures that can be effectively separated, making it an important tool in the chemical industry, particularly in the production of high-purity chemicals and solvents.
    • 9. Steam distillation
      Steam distillation is a separation technique that utilizes the principles of distillation and the properties of steam to extract volatile compounds from solid or liquid materials. In this process, the material to be extracted is heated, and steam is passed through it, causing the volatile compounds to vaporize and be carried away with the steam. The vapor mixture is then condensed, and the extracted compounds are separated from the water. Steam distillation is commonly used in the extraction of essential oils, fragrances, and other valuable compounds from plant materials, such as flowers, herbs, and spices. This technique is particularly useful for the isolation of thermally sensitive compounds, as the low-temperature steam helps to preserve the chemical and aromatic properties of the target compounds. Steam distillation is widely used in the perfume, cosmetic, and food industries, as well as in the production of various natural and organic products. It is a relatively simple and efficient method for the extraction and purification of volatile compounds, making it an important tool in the field of separation science and chemical processing.
    • 10. Azeotropic mixture
      An azeotropic mixture is a special type of liquid mixture that exhibits a constant boiling point and composition during distillation. Azeotropic mixtures are characterized by the fact that the vapor composition is the same as the liquid composition, meaning that the two phases are in equilibrium and cannot be separated by simple or fractional distillation. This behavior arises from the specific interactions between the components in the mixture, which can result in the formation of a new, single-phase liquid with a unique boiling point. Azeotropic mixtures are commonly encountered in various industrial processes, such as the production of solvents, fuels, and pharmaceuticals. Understanding and managing azeotropic behavior is crucial for the design and optimization of separation processes, as it requires the use of specialized techniques like azeotropic distillation or extractive distillation. The study of azeotropic mixtures is an important area of research in physical chemistry and chemical engineering, as it helps to expand the capabilities of separation technologies and enables the efficient purification of complex mixtures.
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