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Pintos Project 3 한국어 설명서 (design report) - Virtual Memory, Frame table

pintos 3을 한국어로 쉽게 설명해놓은 design 보고서입니다. 방대한 파일의 코드들 중, 어느 부분을 어떻게 고쳐야 할지 관련 개념과 함께 설명되어 있습니다.
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Pintos Project 3 한국어 설명서 (design report) - Virtual Memory, Frame table
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    소개

    pintos 3을 한국어로 쉽게 설명해놓은 design 보고서입니다.
    방대한 파일의 코드들 중, 어느 부분을 어떻게 고쳐야 할지 관련 개념과 함께 설명되어 있습니다.

    목차

    0. Background
    0.1. Memory
    0.1.1. virtual memory
    0.1.2. physical memory
    0.2. pintos virtual memory
    0.2.1. user virtual memory
    0.2.2. Kernel virtual memory
    0.2.3. page fault 발생 원인
    0.3. memory allocation
    0.3.1. page allocator
    0.3.2. block allocator
    0.4. hash table
    0.5. paging

    1. Frame Table
    1.1. Meaning of Frame Table
    1.2. Necessity of Frame Table
    1.3. Current Implementation
    1.4. New Implementation

    2. Lazy loading
    2.1. Meaning of Lazy Loading
    2.2. Necessity of Lazy Loading
    2.3. Current Implementation
    2.4. New Implementation

    3. Supplemental page table
    3.1. Meaning of Supplemental Page Table
    3.2. Necessity of Supplemental Page Table
    3.3. Current Implementation
    3.4. New Implementation

    4. Stack growth
    4.1. Meaning of Stack growth
    4.2. Necessity of Stack growth
    4.3. Current Implementation
    4.4. New Implementation

    5. File memory mapping
    5.1. Meaning of File memory mapping
    5.2. Necessity of File memory mapping
    5.3. Current Implementation
    5.4. New Implementation

    6. Swap table
    6.1. Meaning of Swapping
    6.2. Necessity of Swap table
    6.3. Current Implementation
    6.4. New Implementation

    7. On process termination
    7.1. Necessity of On process termination
    7.2. Current Implementation
    7.3. New Implementation

    본문내용

    0. Background
    1. Memory
    31 12 11 0 31 12 11 0
    +-------------------+-----------+ +-------------------+-----------+
    | Page Number | Offset | | Frame Number | Offset |
    +-------------------+-----------+ +-------------------+-----------+
    Virtual Address Physical Address
    virtual address (=page)
    32-bit의 address = 20 bit의 frame number + 12 bit의 frame offset
    physical address (=frame)
    32-bit의 address = 20 bit의 frame number + 12 bit의 frame offset
    1.1. virtual memory
    virtual memory는 physical memory를 보조하는 개념
    process가 필요한 data는 virtual memory에서 physical memory로 load해오고, 필요없는 data는 virtual memory (ex : disk) 에 저장함으로써 physical memory 공간 확보
    각 process는 virtual address와 physical address 를 mapping하는 table을 가지고 있어 virtual address로 physical address를 찾아갈 수 있다.
    virtual memory는 page의 형태로 disk에 저장되어 있으며, 필요할 때마다 physical memory로 swap in되어 사용된다.

    참고자료

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    • 1. Virtual Memory
      Virtual memory is a fundamental concept in computer operating systems that allows programs to access more memory than is physically available on the system. It provides the illusion of a large, contiguous address space by mapping it to the available physical memory. This abstraction allows programs to run without being constrained by the physical memory limitations, improving overall system efficiency and utilization. Virtual memory enables features like demand paging, where pages are loaded into memory only when needed, and allows for the implementation of memory protection mechanisms to isolate processes and prevent unauthorized access. The efficient management of virtual memory is crucial for the performance and stability of modern computer systems, as it enables the execution of complex applications and the sharing of resources among multiple processes.
    • 2. Frame Table
      The frame table is a critical data structure used in virtual memory management systems. It is responsible for keeping track of the mapping between virtual memory pages and their corresponding physical memory frames. The frame table stores information such as the physical frame number, the status of the frame (e.g., free, allocated, or shared), and any additional metadata required for page management. This table allows the operating system to quickly translate virtual addresses to their physical counterparts, enabling efficient memory access and page replacement strategies. The frame table is essential for implementing features like demand paging, page swapping, and memory protection, which are fundamental to the effective utilization of virtual memory. The design and optimization of the frame table can have a significant impact on the overall performance and scalability of a virtual memory system, making it a crucial component in the architecture of modern operating systems.
    • 3. Page Fault
      A page fault is a critical event that occurs in a virtual memory system when a program attempts to access a virtual memory page that is not currently present in physical memory. When a page fault occurs, the operating system must handle the situation by bringing the required page into memory from secondary storage, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive. This process can be time-consuming and can significantly impact the performance of the system. Page faults can occur for various reasons, such as when a program accesses a page that has been swapped out to disk, or when a program attempts to access a page that has not yet been allocated. The efficient handling of page faults is crucial for the overall performance and responsiveness of a virtual memory system. Operating systems employ various strategies, such as page replacement algorithms and memory management techniques, to minimize the occurrence of page faults and optimize the handling of these events when they do occur. Understanding and optimizing the management of page faults is a key aspect of virtual memory system design and implementation.
    • 4. Memory Allocation
      Memory allocation is a fundamental aspect of virtual memory management in computer systems. It involves the process of assigning physical memory frames to the virtual memory pages requested by running processes. Effective memory allocation strategies are crucial for ensuring efficient utilization of available physical memory and providing a seamless execution environment for applications. Operating systems employ various memory allocation techniques, such as fixed-size partitioning, variable-size partitioning, and dynamic memory allocation, to manage the allocation and deallocation of memory blocks. These techniques aim to balance factors like memory fragmentation, memory utilization, and performance. Memory allocation is closely tied to other virtual memory concepts, such as paging, swapping, and memory protection, as the operating system must coordinate these mechanisms to provide a coherent and efficient memory management system. Optimizing memory allocation strategies is an ongoing challenge in operating system design, as it directly impacts the overall system performance, responsiveness, and the ability to support a diverse range of applications and workloads.
    • 5. Hash Table
      Hash tables are a fundamental data structure used in virtual memory management systems, particularly in the context of page table implementation. In a virtual memory system, the page table is responsible for mapping virtual memory addresses to their corresponding physical memory locations. Hash tables provide an efficient way to implement and manage these mappings, allowing for fast lookup and retrieval of page table entries. By using a hash function to index into the table, the operating system can quickly locate the appropriate physical frame number for a given virtual address, reducing the time required for address translation. Hash tables also enable efficient handling of page faults, as the operating system can quickly determine if a virtual page is present in memory or needs to be fetched from secondary storage. Additionally, hash tables can help mitigate the problem of memory fragmentation by allowing for dynamic resizing and rehashing of the table as the memory usage patterns change. The effective design and implementation of hash tables in the context of virtual memory management is crucial for achieving high performance and scalability in modern computer systems.
    • 6. Paging
      Paging is a fundamental concept in virtual memory management that allows the operating system to efficiently utilize physical memory by dividing it into fixed-size units called pages. This approach enables the mapping of a large, contiguous virtual address space to the available physical memory, which may be fragmented or smaller than the virtual address space. Paging provides several key benefits, such as demand-based loading of pages, efficient memory utilization, and the ability to implement memory protection mechanisms. When a process attempts to access a virtual memory page that is not currently in physical memory, the operating system triggers a page fault, which allows it to fetch the required page from secondary storage (e.g., disk) and load it into a physical memory frame. Paging also enables the use of page replacement algorithms, such as Least Recently Used (LRU), to efficiently manage the limited physical memory resources and minimize the occurrence of page faults. The effective implementation and optimization of paging mechanisms are crucial for the overall performance and scalability of virtual memory systems in modern computer architectures.
    • 7. Lazy Loading
      Lazy loading is a virtual memory management technique that optimizes the utilization of physical memory by deferring the loading of memory pages until they are actually needed by a running process. In a traditional virtual memory system, the operating system would eagerly load all the pages required by a process at the time of execution, even if some of those pages may not be accessed immediately. Lazy loading, on the other hand, only loads the pages that are actively being used, reducing the initial memory footprint and improving overall system performance. This approach is particularly beneficial for applications that have a large virtual address space but only use a subset of it at any given time. By delaying the loading of unused pages, lazy loading reduces the number of page faults and the associated overhead of fetching pages from secondary storage. This technique can lead to significant performance improvements, especially in memory-constrained environments or for applications with irregular memory access patterns. Implementing and optimizing lazy loading is an important aspect of virtual memory management in modern operating systems.
    • 8. File Memory Mapping
      File memory mapping is a virtual memory management technique that allows a process to directly access the contents of a file as if it were part of the process's own virtual address space. This is achieved by mapping the file's contents to a region of the process's virtual memory, enabling efficient data access and reducing the overhead of traditional file I/O operations. File memory mapping provides several benefits, such as improved performance, reduced memory usage, and simplified programming models. By eliminating the need for explicit file read and write operations, file memory mapping can significantly enhance the responsiveness and efficiency of applications that work with large files or databases. Additionally, file memory mapping can enable the sharing of file contents among multiple processes, further optimizing memory utilization. The operating system's virtual memory management subsystem plays a crucial role in implementing and managing file memory mapping, ensuring that the mapping is transparent to the application and that the necessary page fault handling and memory protection mechanisms are in place. Effective file memory mapping is an important aspect of virtual memory management, contributing to the overall performance and scalability of modern computer systems.
    • 9. Swap Table
      The swap table is a critical data structure used in virtual memory management systems to keep track of pages that have been swapped out to secondary storage, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive. When the physical memory available on a system is insufficient to accommodate all the pages required by running processes, the operating system must swap out some pages to make room for others. The swap table maintains information about the location of these swapped-out pages, including the physical memory frame number, the corresponding virtual page number, and the location on the secondary storage device where the page is stored. This information is essential for the efficient handling of page faults, as the operating system can quickly retrieve the required page from the swap area and load it back into physical memory. The design and optimization of the swap table, including the selection of appropriate page replacement algorithms and the management of the swap space, can have a significant impact on the overall performance and responsiveness of a virtual memory system. Effective swap table management is a crucial aspect of virtual memory management in modern operating systems.
    • 10. Process Termination
      Process termination is an important aspect of virtual memory management, as it involves the cleanup and release of the resources associated with a running process, including its virtual memory allocations. When a process is terminated, the operating system must ensure that all the virtual memory pages allocated to the process are properly deallocated and their associated physical memory frames are freed for use by other processes. This includes the removal of the process's page table entries, the release of any shared memory regions, and the cleanup of any swap space occupied by the process's pages. The efficient handling of process termination is crucial for maintaining the overall stability and performance of the virtual memory system, as it prevents memory leaks and ensures that physical memory resources are promptly reclaimed and made available for other processes. Additionally, the termination process may involve the execution of cleanup routines or the invocation of specific exit handlers, which can further impact the virtual memory management subsystem. Proper process termination is a fundamental requirement for the effective and reliable operation of virtual memory systems in modern operating systems.
    • 11. Lazy Loading
      Lazy loading is a virtual memory management technique that optimizes the utilization of physical memory by deferring the loading of memory pages until they are actually needed by a running process. In a traditional virtual memory system, the operating system would eagerly load all the pages required by a process at the time of execution, even if some of those pages may not be accessed immediately. Lazy loading, on the other hand, only loads the pages that are actively being used, reducing the initial memory footprint and improving overall system performance. This approach is particularly beneficial for applications that have a large virtual address space but only use a subset of it at any given time. By delaying the loading of unused pages, lazy loading reduces the number of page faults and the associated overhead of fetching pages from secondary storage. This technique can lead to significant performance improvements, especially in memory-constrained environments or for applications with irregular memory access patterns. Implementing and optimizing lazy loading is an important aspect of virtual memory management in modern operating systems.

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