[Essay] Criminological perspectives to understand the relationship between crime, media and culture

소개

범죄, 미디어 및 문화 간의 관계를 이해하기 위한 범죄적 관점.

목차

없음

본문내용

The media has a direct impact on our perception of crime. This influence is increasing, as our lives are increasingly filled with television (TV), smartphones, tablets and other electronic devices. Therefore, it is necessary to apply criminological perspectives to understand media and crime influencing cultural perceptions: Cultivation theory and Framing theory. Cultivation theory argues that increased exposure to TV leads to an individual’s perception of crime (violent crime) as being more serious than in the real world (Pollock, Tapia & Sibila 2022). Framing theory, on the other hand, claims that providing a particular perspective on criminal events can influence consumers’ perceptions (Jacobsen 2023). The two theories provided are closely related to each other in that they both deal with media representations of crime and violence and have a direct impact on cultural perceptions. I will be referencing scholarly literature from the last decade to apply the theories to crime and contemporary media, and this will demonstrate the credibility and validity of my essay. My essay will provide definitions and key concepts of both theories, give examples of media in the Australian context and finally provide a personal reflection.

There are perspectives needed to interpret and explain crime narratives in the media, and this includes Cultivation theory. Cultivation theory provides a correlation between TV exposure and violence. Gerbner and Gross (1976), who developed this theory, considered the amount of TV viewing as the only variable that affects people’s perception of the world. More specifically, this theory argues that TV’s storytelling function is very powerful in shaping people’s perceptions.

참고자료

· 7NEWS Australia 2019a, Sydney stabbing rampage filmed by 7NEWS cameraman Paul Walker | 7NEWS, 14 August, online video, viewed 10 October 2023, < https://youtu.be/K5aLtSaZE9U?si=O_KFdVyTX5wxpcbT>.
· 7NEWS Australia 2019b, Woman stabbed to death in Sydney | 7NEWS, 13 August, online video, viewed 10 October 2023, https://youtu.be/YclmEifhkPY?si=uEs-px1hRJ7w87qg.
· 7NEWS Australia 2019c, Man found not guilty of stabbing his father due to mental incompetence | Adelaide | 7NEWS, 15 July, online video, viewed 18 October 2023, <https://youtu.be/Mxy8RuX0qvU?si=G8KUPuUWtkP053bJ>.
· Bateson, G 1972, Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine Books.
· Canfield, B & Cunningham, HA 2018, Deconstructing stigma in mental health, Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference.
· Clifford, K & White, R 2021, ‘News media framing of the Murray-Darling Basin ‘water theft’ controversy’, Australian & New Zealand journal of criminology. vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 365–382, Sage journals database, viewed 10 October 2023, https://doi-org.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/10.1177/00048658211000094.
· Cormack 2019, ‘Sydney stabbing suspect was ‘missing person’ after previous domestic violence incident’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 August, viewed 18 October 2023, <https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/sydney-stabbing-suspect-was-missing-person-after-previous-domestic-violence-incident-20190814-p52gvo.html>.
· Daoud, E 2023, ‘Sydney woman who decapitated her mum in ‘gruesome’ attack has prison sentence cut’, 7NEWS, 17 October, viewed 20 October 2023, <https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/sydney-woman-who-decapitated-her-mum-in-gruesome-and-brutal-attack-has-prison-sentence-cut-c-10676994>. ‌
· Foster, S, Giles-Corti, B, Knuiman, M & Foster, S 2014, ‘Does Fear of Crime Discourage Walkers? A Social-Ecological Exploration of Fear As a Deterrent to Walking’, Environment and behavior, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 698–717, viewed 22 October 2023, Sage journals, DOI: 10.1177/0013916512465176.
· Garcia, V & Arkerson, SG 2017, Crime, Media, and Reality : Examining Mixed Messages About Crime and Justice in Popular Media, Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
· Gelb, K 2019 ‘Why are we so worried about crime when rates are actually falling?’, THE AGE, 16 September, viewed 20 October 2023, <https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/why-are-we-so-worried-about-crime-when-rates-are-actually-falling-20190916-p52rq6.html>.
· Gerbner, G & Gross, L 1976, ‘Living With Television: The Violence Profile’, Journal of communication. vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 172–194, viewed 20 October 2023, Sage journals database, DOI: 10.1177/14613557211036555.
· Graham, M, Morgan, A, Paton, E & Ross A 2023, ‘Examining the quality of news media reporting of complex mental illness in relation to violent crime in Australia’. International journal of social psychiatry. pp. 207640231194481–207640231194481, viewed 18 October 2023, Sage journals database, DOI: 10.1177/00207640231194481.
· Hughes, C 2022, Hours of free-to-air TV watched each week in Australia in 2021, by generation, 5 May, viewed 22 October 2023, Statista, <https://www.statista.com/statistics/1271827/australia-free-to-air-tv-consumption-by-generation/ >.
· Hurley, RJ, Jenson, J, Weaver, A & Dixon, T 2015, ‘Viewer Ethnicity Matters: Black Crime in TV News and Its Impact on Decisions Regarding Public Policy’, Journal of social issues, vol. 71, no.1, pp. 155–170, viewed 20 October 2023, Wiley Online library, DOI: 10.1111/josi.12102.
· Jacobsen, MH 2023, The Anthem companion to Erving Goffman. London, UK : Anthem Press.
· Köber, G, Oberwittler, D & Wickes, R 2022, ‘Old age and fear of crime: cross-national evidence for a decreased impact of neighbourhood disadvantage in older age’, Ageing and society, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1629–1658, viewed 22 October 2023, ProQuest Central, DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X20001683.
· Lecheler, S & de Vreese, CH 2018, News Framing Effects. First edition. Boca Raton, FL: Routledge.
· Melhem, S & Punyanunt-Carter, NM 2019, ‘Using Cultivation Theory to Understand American College Students’ Perceptions of Arabs in the Media’, Journal of Muslim minority affairs, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 259–271, Taylor & Francis Online, viewed 10 October 2023, DOI: 10.1080/13602004.2019.1625258.
· News.com.au 2019, Sydney Stabbing: The chilling details of knifeman’s rampage, 14 August, online video, viewed 10 October 2023, <https://youtu.be/wVBLrKmzpzw?si=MOMMROA19C6KAHgj>.
· Pollock, W, Tapia, ND & Sibila, D 2022, ‘Cultivation theory: The impact of crime media’s portrayal of race on the desire to become a U.S. police officer’, International journal of police science & management. vol. 24, no.1, pp. 42–52, viewed 20 October 2023, Sage journals database, https://doi.org/10.1177/14613557211036555
· Rebgetz, L & Nicholls, L 2016, ‘Man jailed for stabbing associate to death, burning body’, ABC News, 17 May, viewed 20 October 2023, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-17/man-sentenced-to-life-in-jail-over-fatal-stabbing-at-logan/7421734>
· Stickley, A, Kondo, N, Inoue, Y, Kanamori, M, Kino, S, Arakawa, Y & McKee, M 2023, ‘Worry about crime and loneliness in nine countries of the former Soviet Union’, SSM - population health, vol. 21, pp. 21101316–101316, viewed 22 October 2023, NIH journals, DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101316.
· Surette, R 2014, Media, crime, and criminal justice : images, realities, and policies, Fifth edition, Australia: Cengage Learning.
· Zemek, S 2023, ‘Infamous sex worker murderer learns whether he’ll be released early’, News, 11 October, viewed 17 October 2023, < https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/courts-law/infamous-sex-worker-murderer-learns-whether-hell-be-released-early/news-story/ba5b021d57bdff8dc400ddc9975cd3e0>.