[태양전지실험] Study of Organic and Inorganic Solar Cells

소개글

태양전지실험 (Final report for Photovoltaic experiment, PHY589) 기말대체 레포트입니다. (A+ 받음)

목차

Abstract

Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Solar energy and photovoltaics
1.2. Principle of solar cells operation
1.3. Electrical characteristics of solar cells
1.4. Inorganic PIN solar cells
1.5. Organic solar cells

Chapter 2. Equipment
2.1. Fabrication equipment for inorganic PIN solar cells
2.1.1. Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD)
2.1.2. Plasma sputtering
2.1.3. Thermal evaporator
2.2. Fabrication equipment for organic solar cells
2.2.1. Spin coater
2.3. Measurement equipment
2.3.1. Dark J-V measurement
2.3.2. Photo J-V measurement
2.3.3. External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) measurement
2.3.4. Ellipsometry
2.3.5. Profilometer
2.3.6. UV-Vis spectrometer

Chapter 3. Result and discussion
3.1. Inorganic PIN solar cells
3.1.1. Device structures
3.1.2. Results and data analysis
3.2. Organic solar cells
3.2.1. Device structures
3.2.2. Results and data analysis

Chapter 4. Conclusions and perspectives
1. Acknowledgement
2. Bibliography

본문내용

The objective of this report is to generally understand the fabrication process and the characterization method of the inorganic solar cells and the organic solar cells. The PIN device is fabricated for the inorganic solar cells and P3HT:PCBM blend is used for the organic solar cells. The characterization process is done by various tools.
In the beginning of this course, we understood the basic fundamentals and methods of characterization process. After that, we fabricated and characterized those devices. For the PIN inorganic devices, we used the ZnO as the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) with the different contact materials of indium tin oxide (ITO) and Al, respectively. For the organic devices, we used the P3HT:PCBM and P3HT:PCBM with the special additive as the active layers, respectively. Finally, we characterized our devices optically (ellipsometry), physically (profilometer), and electrically (dark/photo J-V characteristics, external quantum efficiency, EQE).

참고 자료

P. Roca i Cabarrocas, S. Hamma, S. N. Sharma, G. Viera, E. Bertran, and J. Costa, 1998. Nanoparticle formation in low-pressure silane plasmas: bridging the gap between a-Si:H and μc-Si films. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, Vol. 227-230, pp. 871-875.
P. Roca i Cabarrocas, Th. Nguyen-Tran, Y. Djeridane, A. Abramov, E. Johnson and G. Patriarche, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40, 2258 (2007).
K.H. Kim, 2012. Hydrogenated polymorphous silicon: establishing the link between hydrogen microstructure and irreversible solar cell kinetics during light soaking. pastel-00747463, version 1 - 31 Oct 2012. Doctoral thesis in Physics.
Sanghyuk YOO and Jungho Kim, 2014, Effect of the additional anode layers on the absorption enhancement characteristic of plasmonic organic solar cells. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53, 122302.
J. Bailat, et al., Recent developments of high-efficiency micromorph tandem solar cells in KAI-M PECVD reactors, in: Proceedings of the 25th EU PVSEC/5th WCPEC, 6–10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain, pp. 2720-2723.
Y. Hishikawa, Y. Imura and T. Oshiro, 2000. Irradiance dependence and translation of the I-V characteristics of crystalline silicon solar cells, Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anchorage, pp. 1464-1467.
J.E. Philips, J. Titus and D. Hofmann, 1997. Determining the voltage dependence of the light generated current in CuInSe2-based solar cells using I-V measurements made at different light intensities, Proc. 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anaheim, pp. 463-466.
S.S. Hegedus, 1997. Current-voltage analysis of a-Si and a-SiGe solar cells including voltage-dependent photocurrent collection, Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl., Vol. 5, pp. 151-168.
J. Merten, J. M. Asensi, C. Voz, A. V. Shah, R. Platz and J. Andreu, 1998. Improved equivalent circuit and analytical model for amorphous silicon solar cells and modules. IEEE Transactions on electron devices, Vol. 45, N. 2, pp. 423-429.
J.H. Werner and R.B. Bergmann, 2001. Crystalline Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells. Tech. Digest Int. PVSEC-12, Jeju, pp. 69-72.
C.R. Wronski, B. Abeles, T. Tiedje and G.D. Cody, 1982. Recombination centers in phosphorous doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Solid State Communications, Vol. 44, pp. 1423-1426.
R.J. Koval, J.M. Pearce, A.S. Ferlauto, P.I. Rovira, R.W. Collins and C.R. Wronski, 2000. The Role of Phase Transition in Protocrystalline Si:H on the Performance their of Solar Cells. Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. Anchorage, pp. 750-753.
J. Koh, Y. Lee, H. Fujiwara, C.R. Wronski and R.W. Collins, 1998. Optimization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon p-i-n solar cells with two-step I layers guided by real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 73, pp. 1526-1528.
H. Sakai, T. Yoshida, S. Fujikake, T. Hama and Y. Ichikawa, 1990. Effect of p/i interface layer on dark J-V characteristics and Voc in p-i-n a-Si solar cells. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 67, pp. 3494-3499
M. Hack and M. Shur, 1986. Limitation to open circuit voltage of amorphous silicon solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 49, pp. 1432-1434.
R. Crandall and E.A. Schiff, 1985. The correlation of Open Circuit Voltage with Bandgap in Amorphous Silicon-based p-i-n Solar cell. AIP Conference Proceedings, Tempe, AZ, pp. 481-486.
E. Yablonovitch and G.D. Cody, 1982. Intensity enhancement in textured optical sheets for solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron Dev., Vol. 29, pp. 300-305.
H. Deckman, C.R. Wronski and E. Yablonovitch, 1984. Optical enhancement of solar cells. Proc. 17th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Kissimmee, pp. 955-960.
L. Jiao, H. Liu, S. Semoushikina, Y. Lee and C.R. Wronski, 1996. Initial, rapid light induced changes in hydrogenated amorphous silicon materials and solar cell structures: the effect of charged defects. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 69, pp. 3713-3715.
M. Gunes and C.R. Wronski, 1997. Differences in the densities of charged defect states and kinetics of Staebler-Wronski in undoped (non-intrinsic) hydrogenated amorphous silicon. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 81, pp. 3526-3536.
Z. Lu, H. Jiao, R. Koval, R.W. Collins and C.R. Wronski, 1999. Characteristics of different thickness a-Si:H/metal Schottky barrier cell structures – results and analysis. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 557, pp. 785-790.
C.R. Wronski, Z. Lu, L. Jiao and Y Lee, 1997. An approach to self consistent analysis of a-Si:H material and p-i-n solar cell properties. Proc. 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anaheim, pp. 587-590.
R.J. Koval, J.M. Pearce, A.S. Ferlauto, R.W. Collins and C.R. Wronski, 2001 Evolution of the mobility gap with thickness in hydrogen-diluted intrinsic Si:H materials in the phase transition region and its effect on p-i-n solar cell characteristics. Mat. Res. Soc. Proc., Vol. 664, p.A16.4.
Y. Lee, A.S. Ferlauto, Z. Lu, J. Koh, H. Fujiwara, R.W. Collins and C.R. Wronski, 1998. Enhancement of stable open circuit voltage in a-Si:H p-i-n solar cell by hydrogen dilution of p/I interface regions. Proc. 2nd World Conf. on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, pp. 940-943.
D.L. Staebler and C.R. Wronski, 1977. Reversible conductivity change in discharge produced amorphous silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 31, pp. 292-294.
C.R. Wronski, 1984. The Staebler-Wronski Effect. Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 21C, pp. 347-373.
H. Fritzsche, 1997. Search for explaining the Staebler-Wronski effect. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 467, pp. 19-31.
M. Stutzmann, 1997. Microscopic aspects of the Staebler-Wronski effect. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 467, pp. 37-48.
C.R. Wronski, 1997. The light-induced changes in a-Si:H materials and solar cells – where we are now. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 467, pp. 7-17.
A. Chowdhury, S. Mukhopadhyay and S. Ray, 2009. Fabrication of thin film nanocrystalline silicon solar cell with low light-induced degradation. Solar Energy Material & Solar cells, Vol. 93, pp. 597-603.
M. Stutzmann, W.B. Jackson and C.C Tasi, 1985. Light induced metastable defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon: a systematic study. Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 32(1), pp. 23-47.
C.R. Wronski, M. Gunes and T.J. McMahon, 1994. Charged defect states in intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 76(4), pp. 2260-2263.
J. Burdick and T. Glatfelter, 1985. Spectral response and I-V measurement of tandem amorphous-silicon alloy solar cells. Solar Cell, Vol. 18, pp. 301-314.
Méndez-Pinzón Henry Alberto, Pardo-Pardo Diana Rocío, Cuéllar-Alvarado Juan Pablo, Salcedo-Reyes Juan Carlos, Vera Ricardo, Páez-Sierra Beynor Antonio, 2010, Analysis of the current-voltage characteristics of polymer-based organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) deposited by spin coating. Univ. Sci. vol.15, No.1, pp. 68 - 76.
Yunzhang Lu, Clement Alexander, Zhengguo Xiao, Yongbo Yuan, Runyu Zhang and Jinsong Huang, 2012, Utilizing insulating nanoparticles as the spacer in laminated flexible polymer solar cells for improved mechanical stability. Nanotechnolohy 23, 344007.
Hwajeong Kim, Minjung Shin and Youngkyoo Kim, 2008, Influence of thermal annealing on the deformation of a lithium fluoride nanolayer in polymer : fullerene solar cells. EPL 84, 58002.
Christoph J. Brabec, Sean E. Shaheen, Christoph Winder, and N. Serdar Sariciftc, 2002, Effect of LiFÕmetal electrodes on the performance of plastic solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 80, No. 7.
http://www.keison.co.uk/jenway_6800spectrophotometer.shtml
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule
http://www.upc.edu/sct/documents_equipament/d_81_id-399.pdf
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_de_Planck
https://nanoequipment.wordpress.com/2011/03/08/spin-coater/
http://www.icmm.csic.es/fis/english/evaporacion_resistencia.html
http://www.koreavac.co.kr/new/kor/html/product/index.php?a=2&b=b&c=a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-enhanced_chemical_vapor_deposition
http://www.esrf.eu/news/spotlight/spotlight132/index_html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell