이슬람 종파주의의 확장과 이란-사우디아라비아 대립 구도에 관한 에세이 (영문)

소개

2010년 중동에 찾아왔던 '아랍의 봄'은 어느새 겨울로 변했다. 중동 각지에서 ISIS등 극단주의 세력이 세력을 넓히고 있고, 시리아 사태는 좀처럼 나아질 것 처럼 보이지 않는다. 특히나 이라크와 시리아에서 진행중인 내전과 중동의 패권을 두고 갈등하는 이란과 사우디아라비아의 관계 등은 종종 수니-시아간 종파 갈등으로 해석되곤 하는데, 이 에세이는 이러한 종파주의의 기원은 어떤 것이며 지금 일어나고 있는 현상들과 어떤 관계가 있는지 조사하고 있다.

목차

1. Introduction
2. Origin of Sectarianism
3. New Wave of Religious Sectarianism
4. Saudi Arabia-Iran Rivalry and Sectarianism
5. Conclusions

본문내용

Introduction
In early 2010s, optimistic expectations of the Arab uprising overflowed and the uprising resulted in removals of Authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, and Libya. Also the uprising led the induction of democratic progresses in many countries. However, now the Arab spring became a harsh winter. Only Tunisia achieved democratisation whereas Bahraini and Syrian uprisings in 2011 degenerated into sectarian conflict and caused massive destruction and casualties. Iraq is also suffering with the civil war triggered by the growth of the Sunni insurgency against Shia-dominated government. And the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) is raging across Iraq and Syria. At the same time, the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran were aggravated because of sectarian dispute. The recent execution of the prominent Shia religious leader Nimr al-Nimr was resulted in a serious diplomatic rupture between two countries (Al Jazeera 2016).

Geneive Abdo (2013) called such recent religious tensions between Sunni and Shia after the Arab uprising as the ‘new sectarianism’.

참고자료

· Abdo, G. (2013) The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shi‘a-Sunni Divide. Brookings the Saban Center Publications. 29.
· http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/04/sunni-shia-divide-abdo Accessed 23th December 2015.
· Al Jazeera (2016) Saudi-Iran standoff: War or a grand bargain? Al Jazeera News. 06 January.
· http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2016/01/saudi-iran-standoff-war-grand-bargain-160105063929321.html Accessed 6th January 2016.
· Al-Rawi, A. K. (2013) The US Influence in Shaping Iraq’s Sectarian Media. International Communication Gazette. 75(4) 374-391.
· BBC (2015) Syria crisis: Where key countries stand. BBC NEWS. 30 October.
· http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23849587 Accessed 25 December 2015.
· Byman, D. (2014) Sectarianism afflicts the new Middle East. Survival. 56(1) 79-100.
· Bowman, G. (2014) Violence Before Identity: An Analysis of Identity Politics. The Sociological Review. 62(S2) 152-165.
· Chubin, S. and Tripp, C. (1996) Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations and Regional Order. London: Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
· Dodge, T. (2012) Iraq: From War to a New Authoritarianism. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
· Dodge, T. (2014) Seeking to Explain the Rise of Sectarianism in the Middle East: The Case Study of Iraq. Middle East Political Science.
· http://pomeps.org/2014/03/19/seeking-to-explain-the-rise-of-sectarianism-in-the-middle-east-the-case-study-of-iraq/ Accessed 29th December 2015.
· Gause III, F. G. (2014) Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War. Brookings Doha Center Publications. 33.
· http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/07/22-beyond-sectarianism-cold-war-gause Accessed 21th December 2015.
· Ghobadzdeh, N. and Akbarzadeh, S. (2015) Sectarianism and the Prevalence of 'othering' in Islamic Thought. Third World Quarterly. 36(4) 691-704.
· Mabon, S. (2013) Saudi Arabia and Iran: Soft Power Rivalry in the Middle East, London: I.B. Tauris.
· Nasr, S. V. R. (2007). The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
· Phillips, C. (2015) Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria, Third World. Quarterly. 36(2) 357-376.
· Reese, A. (2013) Sectarian and Regional Conflict in the Middle East. Middle East Security Report. 13.
· http://www.understandingwar.org/report/sectarian-and-regional-conflict-middle-east Accessed 23rd December 2015.
· Sahner, C. C. (2014) Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present. London: Hurst & Company.