What are the main challenges and opportunities to the Nation-State in the global era?

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Coupled with the growth of international law in the global era has been the increasing number of NGOs. These organizations work at all levels of society from small-scale community organizations to the transnational such as Amnesty International. NGOs challenge state sovereignty because they are involved in activities that were once the preserve of the nation-state. Also, they create a separate site for identification and loyalty. Focusing on the growth of transnational NGOs in the global era allows us to identify further challenges faced by nation-states. NGOs often target issues of human security: the environment, disease, poverty and internal conflicts. Together these threats form the “risk culture”, identified by Baylis et.al as another current challenge to state sovereignty.

Furthermore, NGOs are not always peaceful. Violent organizations, such as terrorist groups, threaten the safety of nation-states’ citizens and challenge governance. As the former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan notes,

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