산대탈의 유형과 특징 (Types and features of Sandae masks)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국민속학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국민속학 / 74권 / 90 ~ 137페이지
· 저자명 : 김은영

초록

본고는 서울대학교박물관, 국립고궁박물관, 프랑스 국립기메동양박물관 소장 산대탈 등 현전하는 산대놀이 옛탈들에 대해 면밀하게 고찰하고 산대탈의 유형과 특징을 분석하였다.
필자는 선행연구에서 기존에 2종이라 알려진 서울대 산대탈이 4종임을 밝힌 바 있다. 이중 가장 작품성이 높은 목각탈의 경우 실제 사용 여부가 불분명했었는데, 이번 프랑스 국립기메동양박물관 소장 목각탈과의 비교 고찰을 통해 당시 실제로 사용하던 유형임을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 기메 산대탈은 1900년 대한제국이 프랑스 만국박람회에 출품했던 기준작으로서 그 의미가 크다. 또한 서울대박물관 소장 바가지탈과 국립고궁박물관 소장 목제탈도 유리건판을 통해 온전한 한 벌을 확인할 수 있는데, 이때 전자는 1929년 양주별산대탈이 아니라 말뚝이탈이라고 알려진 가면을 포함하는 또다른 종류의 탈이다.
이들 현전 산대탈을 탈의 재료, 제작기법, 인물의 표현방식 등 세 가지 기준으로 총 5종의 유형으로 구분해서 그 특징을 살펴보았다. 사실적인 표현의 목각탈 유형이 가장 선행하는 유형이며, 나머지 유형의 경우 선후관계보다는 놀이패의 전문성이나 영향관계와 직결된다고 여겨진다. 이중 놀이패가 확인된 경우는 양주와 퇴계원으로 취득경위나 탈의 묵서를 통해 짐작할 수 있으며, ‘도화동’ 탈은 애오개산대놀이패의 활동반경에 포함되어 조심스레 애오개산대탈이라 추정하였다. 그 외 탈의 경우 산대놀이의 본거지로 지역명만 언급되던 구파발, 녹번 등의 놀이패가 사용했던 것이라 추정했다.

영어초록

The purpose of this study was to identify the types and features of sandae masks owned by the Seoul National University Museum, the National Palace Museum of Korea, and Museé National des Arts Asiatiques-Guimet. I found that masks owned by the Seoul National University Museum could be used by four player troupes, and not by two player troupes, an assumption which had been believed by researchers for a long time. It has been uncertain if high-skilled masks were used in performances, but now we can be sure by comparing it with Guimet’s masks. Guimet’s masks can be seen in an old picture of the Paris Exposition in 1900. The Palace’s masks could also be seen in the old picture, alongside a perfect set that included two remaining masks.
Sandae masks have been classified into five mask types and by three criteria: material, production method and design patterns. First, they can be made from wood or gourd. Also, different production methods were used: one was by sculpting whole wood pieces, and the other was by attaching small wood/paper pieces on flat gourd/wood. The first method was used on wood masks, while the second method was used on gourd masks. Among the wood masks, however, some were made using the second method. Lastly, there were different design patterns, the simplified-shaped and the realistic-shaped. Only the simplified-shaped is still being used for sandae masks today. We can also see features similar to the human face on sandae masks which are owned by several museums.
According to how the three criteria were mixed, there were five types of sandae masks. Among the five mask types, the wooden mask was carved from a whole wood piece and realistic-shaped masks were made first, and the others were chosen according to the preference of various player troupes. I supposed the original sandae player troupe could have used the masks with wrapping cloth inscribed with Dohwa-dong. This is because the original sandae player troupe performed in several places located nearby Dohwa-dong.
Sandae masks were an important basis and standard, which left relatively more whole sets than other regional masks. Moreover, the fact that several sets of sandae masks were left was very obvious proof that many player troupes had performed using them. This made sandae masks increase in value. For future progress in research, we need more studies on other sandae masks held by many domestic and foreign museums.

참고자료

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