支配層 編制에 나타난 新羅의 國家形成 構圖 (The State Formation Type of Silla Appeared on the Ruling Class Organization)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사교육연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사교육 / 146호 / 173 ~ 221페이지
· 저자명 : 서의식

초록

신라의 骨品制와 官等制는 모두 피정복 지배층을 그 세력의 크기에 따라 등급을 두어 편제한 형태가 아니라, 국가를 통치하기 위한 지배체제 확립의 필요에서 설정된 사회신분제도고 정치제도였다. 骨品制는 신라의 지배층을 骨層과 頭品層으로 나눠 이원화하고, 骨層에게는 對等性을, 頭品層에게는 그 능력과 공로에 상응하는 대우를 각기 보장한 제도였고, 官等制는 國政을 관리하고 실무에 참여하는 지배층 인사들을 체계적으로 조직화한 제도였다. 그러므로 官等制는 骨品制와의 긴밀한 상관관계 속에서 유기적으로 운영되었으며, 그 운영의 초점이 지배기구에서 頭品層이 차지할 수 있는 정치적 지위의 上限을 정하고, 취득한 관위에 따라 대우를 달리하는 데 놓였다. 重位의 규정이 그 핵심이다.
신라의 지배신분층이 骨層과 頭品層으로 이원화되어 있었고 그 내부에서 따로 신분이 나뉘지 않았다는 사실은 신라가 국가로 형성되는 과정에서 신라에 편입된 소국의 지배층이 각각의 처지나 세력 규모에 따라 차등 대우를 받지 않았다는 뜻이다. 그렇다면 신라는 정복을 통해 형성된 국가가 아니었다고 할 수밖에 없다. 골품제는 진한의 여러 小國들이 대등한 처지에서 연맹하여 신라를 건국한 상황이 아니고서는 성립하기 어려운 신분 질서라 하겠기 때문이다.

영어초록

This article is written to reveal that there are some serious problems with the conventional understanding that the state formation of Silla was completed through conquest, by looking at the constitution principle of Silla’s class system and political rank system.
Silla’s class system which is called ‘Golpum’ was established based on the concept of discrimination between the ‘Bone(骨)’ class and the ‘Head quality(頭品)’ class. The former is the organization for the kings and royal families and the latter is for the bureaucrats. The constitution principle of this system was to guarantee the equality of ‘Bone’ class people and to ensure the promotion of ‘head quality’ class people by his ability or distinguished service. And above this principle, it was stipulated politically that only the ‘Bone’ class can occupy the higher part of official ranks named ‘-Khan’, and the ‘Head quality’ class should be able to get the lower ranks. The Multiple Official Rank System(重位制) was a special device for the ‘Head quality’ class to be promoted over the permitted official rank by sideway. The Multiple Official Rank system was first applied to Nama(奈麻) and then to Akhan(阿干). This means that the ‘Sixth Head quality(六頭品)’ class were newly created later.
The fact that the status of “bones” were basically equal regardless of their official ranks means that the small countries that made up Silla were joined together in an equal position to establish Silla. In addition, the fact that the grade of ‘Head quality’ was a signifier of not a fixed status but a political position means that the bureaucracy originated from small countries that formed Silla was treated simply by their abilities. And this is a political phenomenon that cannot be seen in a nation formed through conquest. When we compare the structure of the bureaucracy of the small country that remained in the Regional Rank System(外位制) with the composition of the Capital Rank System(京位制) leads us to the same conclusion.
Therefore, the existing understanding that Silla was completed by conquering the neighboring small states must be fully reviewed.

참고자료

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