전통적 마을민속의 공공문화 자원화 과정－안동 하회탈놀이와 국제탈춤페스티벌의 경우－ (The Process of Making a Public Cultural Resource of Traditional Village Folklore in Korea－The Cases of the Hahoe Mask Dance and the Andong International Mask Dance Festival－)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 비교민속학회
· 수록지 정보 : 비교민속학 / 58호 / 97 ~ 136페이지
· 저자명 : 배영동

초록

이 연구는 경북 안동 하회마을에서 전통적 마을민속으로 전승되다가 단절된 하회별신굿탈놀이(하회탈놀이로 약칭)가 공공문화 자원으로 변화되는 과정을 분석한 것이다. 하회탈놀이는 마을 제의의 일부로 1928년까지 전승되다가 단절되었다. 그 후 하회탈놀이는 연구자와 애향인의 주목을 받아서 조사․연구․복원되어 1958년 전국민속예술경연대회에 참가하여 수상하면서 널리 알려졌다. 뒤이어 하회탈이 국보로 지정되었고, 그 후 연구자들의 연구성과에 힘입고 전승․보존단체의 노력으로 하회탈놀이는 1980년에 중요무형문화재로 지정되었다.
이때부터 하회탈놀이는 마을민속이라기보다는 국가공인 문화자원이 되었으며, 여러 사람들이 구경하고 배우고 싶은, 세계로 향해 열린 문화자원이 되었다. 그러다가 문화관광부의 지역문화 지원정책의 흐름을 타고 안동시가 주도하여 하회탈놀이를 근거로 하여, 1997년에 안동국제탈춤페스티벌을 만들었다. 국제탈춤페스티벌이 성립되기까지에는 안동시, 민속학연구자, 문화기획자, 정치인, 하회별신굿탈놀이보존회가 중요한 역할을 하였다. 그런데 복원된 하회탈놀이 전승주체로 1973년에 결성된 하회가면극연구회(현재의 하회별신굿탈놀이보존회) 구성원은 하회마을 토박이가 아니라 안동시내 사람들이다. 이 보존회는 1980년대 중반부터 하회탈놀이 전승모체인 하회마을 동제에 참여하다가 2008년경부터는 아예 동제를 주도하고 있다. 거기에는 하회탈놀이가 국가공인 문화자원이고, 안동국제탈춤페스티벌의 근거자원이며, 하회마을이 유네스코 세계유산이라는 가치를 보존하려는 힘이 작용하였다.
하회탈놀이는 중요무형문화재 지정, 안동국제탈춤페스티벌 성립으로 지역민과 내국인들뿐만 아니라, 외국 사람들에게도 의미 있는 문화자원으로 자리 잡기 시작했다. 본래 하회탈놀이는 신분제사회에서 피지배층(하층민)의 민속이었지만, 지금은 누구나 보고 즐기고 따라할 수 있는 문화로 자리 잡아가고 있다. 결국 하회탈놀이는 본래 전승되던 마을사회를 떠나서 마을 토박이가 아닌 안동사람들이 전승하되, 다양하게 활용되는 새로운 형태의 문화자원으로 자리 잡고 있다. 즉, 지자체․학계․문화예술계․교육계․방송계가 다함께 활용하고 있는 공공성을 띤 문화자원이 되어가고 있다.

영어초록

This study has analyzed the process in which the Hahoe Byeolsingut Mask Dance (also known as the Hahoe Mask Dance) was established as a public cultural resource. The Hahoe Mask Dance was originally part of a village folklore as a ritual for the Hahoe Village spirit, handed down from generation to generation till 1928 when it disappeared. Later, the Hahoe Mask Dance was revived by folklore researchers and a native of Hahoe Village who loved his hometown. They together investigated, studied, and restored the Hahoe Mask Dance. In 1958, the Hahoe Mask Dance won a prize in the National Folk Art Contest of Korea, and became widely known. Having gained recognition, the Hahoe Mask was designated as a national treasure of Korea, guaranteeing its thorough and continued investigation by its researchers. Thanks to the hard work of the researchers and the efforts of the society for inheriting and preserving the Hahoe Mask, the Hahoe Mask Dance was designated as an important intangible cultural property of Korea in 1980.
From its humble beginning as a village ritual ceremony to its recognition as an important intangible cultural property by the whole nation, the Hahoe Mask Dance has come a long way. The Hahoe Mask Dance has been presented to the world and there are many people who want to see and learn it. So, backed by the regional culture-supporting policy of the Korean Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the Andong City government played a leading role in creating the Andong International Mask Dance Festival based on the Hahoe Mask Dance in 1997. In addition to the Andong City government, folklore scholars, culture planners, politicians and the Hahoe Mask Dance Preservation Society also contributed to establishing the Andong International Mask Dance Festivsal. The members of the Hahoe Mask Dance Research Society (now the Hahoe Mask Dance Preservation Society) founded in 1973 played a leading role in the revival and handing down of the Hahoe Mask Dance. Though they were not natives of Hahoe Village, people of Andong City have formed and run this organization. From the mid-1980, the Hahoe Mask Dance Preservation Society participated in Dongje, the Hahoe Village Ritual, which was the main event of inheriting the Hahoe Mask Dance. Since 2008, this society has been leading the Hahoe Village Ritual.
As the Hahoe Mask Dance was designated as an important intangible cultural property and the Andong International Mask Dance Festival was securely established, not only have people in Andong and other regions of Korea regarded the Hahoe Mask Dance as a meaningful cultural asset, but foreigners have also begun to appreciate it. Originally the Hahoe Mask Dance was the folklore of the class dominated in hierarchical society. However, the Hahoe Mask Dance has now been established as a cultural event that anyone can enjoy and participate in. In closing, the Hahoe Mask Dance has been passed on from the natives of Hahoe Village who created it, to the people of Andong City. The people of Andong City have been handed down the Hahoe Mask Dance. It is a cultural resource that can be utilized in various ways. The mask dance can now be accessed by the city of Andong; academic, cultural, and artistic worlds; and journalists, ensuring its preservation and development as a public cultural resource.

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