식민지기 醫生 제도와 정책의 운영― 『醫療關係法制例規綴』 중 의생 관련 조선총독부 공문서를 중심으로 (The Operation of Uisaeng System andPolicyin the Japanese Colonial Period― Focusing on the Public Records of Government-General of the Joseon related to Uisaeng among "Uiryo-Kwankye-Beopje-Yegyu-Cheol)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 대동문화연구 / 106호 / 317 ~ 344페이지
· 저자명 : 박지현

초록

본 연구에서는 지금까지 醫生 연구에서 활용되지 않았던 『醫療關係法制例規綴』 중 의생 관련 조선총독부 공문서를 활용하여 의생 제도와 정책의 운영을 미시적으로 살펴보았다. 이 과정에서 새롭게 밝혀진 사실들은 다음과 같다.
우선 해당 문서를 주제별로 분류하여 그 내용을 분석한 결과 총독부와 지방행정기관이 가장 큰 관심을 가진 것은 의생 선발과 관리의 문제였다. 다음으로 1913년 「醫生規則」 시행으로 인한 혼란과 새로운 변화들을 중점적으로 살폈다. 1910년대는 의생 제도가 자리를 잡아가는 시기로, 1916년 의생시험과 의생교양(강습)이 시작되었다. 그동안 의생시험과 의생교양의 시작 연도와 구체적인 시행 내용을 알 수 없었는데, 새 자료를 통해 이를 분명히 규명할 수 있었다. 식민지기 의생의 공인교육기관이 없었던 만큼 두 제도의 시행은 의생의 정체성과 존속에 있어 매우 중요한 사건이었다. 또한 전국 의생단체인 全鮮醫會의 직접적인 해산 원인을 밝힌 것도 또 하나의 성과다.
다음으로 1919년 지방제도 개혁과 도 경찰권의 변화 속에서 이루어진 「의생규칙」의 개정과 그 결과에 대해 주목했다. 1920년대 시행된 지방제도 개혁으로 인해 도 경찰부에 기존의 의생 사무 이외에도 의생 선발과 관련된 경무부의 행정사무가 추가로 이관되어 도 경찰부의 업무가 증가하게 되었다. 이 결과 의생에 대한 도 경찰부의 권한과 책임이 늘어나고, 의생의 선발을 둘러싸고 경무부와 도 경찰부가 서로 대립하는 상황이 발생하기도 했다.
이렇듯 식민권력의 내부는 단일하기 보다는 복잡하고 다층적이라는 점을 밝힐 수 있었다. 또한 의생 정책과 제도의 운영이 지역의 특수성이 중요한 변수로 작동했다는 점으로 볼 때, 추후 연구에서는 지역사회의 시점을 좀 더 고려할 필요가 있을 것이다.

영어초록

The purpose of this article is to clarify the implications and historical changes of the operation of Uisaeng(醫生) system and policy in the Japanese Colonial Period, and the factors through the newly identified Public Records of Government-General of the Joseon related to Uisaeng among "Uiryo-Kwankye-Beopje-Yegyu-Cheol(醫療關係法制例規綴)". As is well known, the medical and hygiene in the Japanese colonial period was the responsibility of the police. In 1911, the department of police became responsible for all health care, hygiene, and epidemic affairs, and in 1913, a series of laws for medical practitioners was promulgated. Due to the enactment of the "Public Health Rules," Uisaeng came to be included in the modern legislation but it was defined as an inferior and temporal existence to a doctor.
But because of this incompleteness, many problems occurred in the early stage of public health system implementation. First, there was a problem with interpretation of the legal provisions on the Uisaeng qualifications in the administration of public health. There was also a suspicion of the apprentice trainees' ability to apply for a public health license. Eventually, in 1916, the department of police conducted Uisaeng license tests. However, the examination items were centered on western medicine, and the issue of fairness was raised. To solve this problem, the department of police forced the test questions to be standardized and the disease names of oriental medicine(漢方) to be used, but this was not abided by properly.
Meanwhile, as the public health system was implemented, the interest group, the Association of Uisaeng, was created nationwide. It was not an official school, but a medical school that taught medicine in the East and the West was born. In response to agencies of Uisaeng, the department of police shifted its unilateral control-oriented public health policy. In February 1916, the department of police were granted a limited recognition, and the subject of liberal arts of public health was implemented to educate them. This is called Uisaeng Training Class(醫生敎養). However, after failing to work as expected, they published "Uibang-gangyo(醫方綱要)" In 1919, the '3・1 Movement' brought about the reform of the local system and the change of police power, and the public health policies and systems also changed dramatically. Especially, the Uisaeng license tests changes were attention. Originally, the decision to score and pass the public health exam was the responsibility of the department of police. However, in 1924, it became the charge of the department of local police. There were not a few complaints from the department of local police about this. It was because the administrative work related to public health increased and work was overloaded. However, this also increased the authority of local police forces at the same time.
Through the discussion above, this study reveals that the public health policy and the operation of the system at the time were complicated and multi-layered. Imperial Japan and Uisaeng, and even the relationship between the central and local departments inside the Imperial Japan were always interrelated through the process of conflict and adjustment. In addition, it is also found that the operation of public health policies and systems were not nationally uniform but that the specificity of the region worked as a very important variable. Therefore, it is said that future public health research needs to be further studied at the view of local society.

참고자료

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