6세기 인도의 천하관(天竺=中國)과 高(句)麗의 위상에 관한 연구 (A World View of India in the 6th Century(India 天竺 = Central Country 中國) and the Status of Kori(高麗))

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초록

중국(中國)이란 ‘가운데 나라’라는 뜻으로, 강한 나라들이 스스로 주변에비해 우월하다는 것을 나타내기 위해 의도적으로 썼고, 세력이 약한 나라들이 자국 보호를 위해 강대국을 섬기면서(事大) 불렀던 이름이다. 최근 중국은 고대의 중국(中國)에 해당하는 나라는 물론 스스로 네 가지 오랑캐(四夷)라고 불렀던 민족까지도 모두 ‘중국(中國)’이라는 이름 속에 넣어 이른바 통일적다민족국가를 이룩하는 새로운 나라이름으로 자리바꿈을 하고 있다. 이와 같은 역사관에는 ‘중국(中國)’이란 이름은 옛날부터 현재 중화인민공화국땅에 살던 선조들만이 썼다는 역사적 인식이 바탕에 깔려 있다. 이 논문은 지금의 인도(印度)인 천축국(天竺國)이 스스로를 중국(中國)이라고 불렀고, 동진(東晋)을 비롯하여 당(唐)나라 사람들까지 천축국을 중국(中國)이라고 높여 불렀던 사료를 새롭게 발굴하여 그 기록을 정리ㆍ분석한 뒤,① 당시 천축국이 스스로를 중국(中國)이라고 자부했던 천하관과 그에 대칭되는 주변 국가(邊地)들을 아우르는 고대 아시아의 세력구도를 살펴보고, ②아울러 그 자료에 돌궐 페르시아 같은 강대국들과 함께 나오는 高麗(=高句麗)의 위상을 헤아려보는 것이 연구목적이다.
그 결과 중국(中國)인 천축국을 중심으로 한국(漢國), 파사(波斯), 돌궐(突闕) 같은 큰 나라들과 계빈(罽賓), 토화라(吐火羅), 구자(龜茲), 우전(于闐), 토번(吐蕃), 곤륜(崑崙) 고리(高麗) 같은 주변 나라들이 세력구도를 이루고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 당시 현재 중화인민공화국 땅에 있던 나라들은 한나라가 멸망한 뒤 진(晋), 송(宋), 제(齊), 양(梁). 진(陳), 전연(前燕), 전진(前秦), 북위(北魏) 같은 수많은 나라들이 오갔지만 모두 아울러 한국(漢國)이라고만 부르고 있었다는 사실을 통해 중국(中國)인 천축국이 변지(邊地)인 한국(漢國)을 어떻게 인식하였는지 알 수 있었다. 한편 그 동쪽에는 신라, 백제, 일본 같은 나라들이 있지만 高麗만 나타난 것을 통해 천축국에서 高麗의 위상이 꽤 높았다는 사실을 밝힐 수 있었다.
그 밖에도 일본도 스스로를 중국(中國)이라고 일컬으며 신라를 섬기도록강요했으나 뜻대로 되지 않았던 사실을 통해 중국(中國)이란 이름은 강대국을 자처하는 나라가 주변 나라에게 사대를 강요하는 수단으로 쓰였다는 것을 밝혔다. 이런 점은 천축이 문화적 정신적인 측면에서 주변국을 변지라하고 자신을 중국이라 했던 역사적 사실과 크게 다른 것으로, 일본은 물론진나라와 한나라 그리고 중화인민공화국은 정치와 권력을 통한 상하관계를만드는 도구로서, 이웃나라 역사를 빼앗는 수단으로서, 중국(中國)이란 이름을 잘못 쓰고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

영어초록

This paper analyzed the name of Kori in 『Fanyu zaming 梵語雜名』 and『Tang fan liang yu shuangdui ji 唐梵兩語雙對集』, and judging from thethorough examination, the author was able to deduce the followingconclusions.
1. India(Indu) 天竺 possessed the world view that they called themselvesas the central country 中國 and the others as border countries 邊地. Thiskind of a notion had existed since the historical Buddha lived in the 6th~5thcentury BC. The differentiation between the central country and the bordercountries in the Buddhist texts depended on the moralistic and religiousjudgement whether the Buddhist dharma was on the practice or not.
Afterward, those regions where Buddhist law flourished, especially like theMagadha kingdom, the most prosperous kingdom in India, were called thecentral country while small kingdoms in the neighbor were called borderareas.
Later, when Buddhist pilgrims from other countries such as Kingdom ofHan 漢國 and Kori 高麗 traveled to India, it clearly turned out that the Indiansconsidered India as the central country 中國 and the other countries likeKingdom of Han 漢國 as the border countries.
2. The Kingdom of Han 漢國 in the northeast, the Persia 波斯 in the west,and the Turk in the northwest were regarded as the most powerful amongthe border countries of India 天竺國.
3. The border countries on the way from India to Kingdom of Han 漢國like Karpiśaya 罽賓, Tukhara 吐火羅, Kucīna 龜玆, Korttana 于闐, Bhuṭa 吐蕃were called Sulī 胡. Also, they thought Jipāttala 崑崙, which currently denotesthe islands near the Indonesia and the Malay peninsula, as the sea routeto Kingdom of Han. And there was Kori 高麗 at the end of the sea route.
4. Kori (高麗) in Sanskrit is mukuri 畝俱理 which is most likely thecompound word of Mu-kuri. In this case, Kori 高麗 is the same as kori, hence,we can understand ‘kori=kuri.’ However, further research will be neededwhy they added [mu] in the front.
5. We can assume that Kori 高麗 kingdom was well known to India becauseof many visitors from the kingdom. But, along with the name of Mu-kuri,the kingdom had another name of Kukkutesvara which lets us consideranother possibility other than Buddhist pilgrims’ activities. The name ofKukkutesvara was derived from the custom of the people of the kingdomwho worshiped the God of a rooster and accordingly decorated their headswith rooster feathers. Buddhist pilgrims would not have adored themselveswith such hairdress. Therefore, the names of Mu-kuri and Kukkutesvara couldbe valid evidence which tells us that Kori and India could have had deeperrelationships than we supposed.
6. There is a problem concerning the compilation date of 『Tang fan liangyu shuangdui ji 唐梵兩語雙對集』 on which 『Fanyu zaming 梵語雜名』was based.
① 『Tang fan liang yu shuangdui ji』 was written by a Buddhist pilgrimfrom The Kingdom of Han to India and must have been complied later than399-412 AD when Faxian first traveled to India.
② Since 『Tang fan liang yu shuangdui ji』 mentioned Kori 高麗, it musthave been compiled later than 423 AD when the name of Koguri 高句麗was changed to Kori 高麗.
③ Around in 533 AD, the Turks established an independent country, andit was about in 555 AD that they built the nomadic empire. Thus, thecompilation date of the 『Tang fan liang yu shuangdui ji』 must have beendone afterward.
In the meantime, the Tang, the ruling power of Asia in the second halfof the 7th century, was not shown in the text while the names of the ThreeKingdoms like the Shu 蜀 and the Wu 吳 appeared in it. Accordingly, thetext must have been written before the Sui-Tang 隋唐 periods. The Tang wasbuilt in 618. The text could have been compiled around the time from themid 6th century when the Turks approached to India and the late 6th centurybefore the Tang was established.
This conclusion proves that Kori in 『Fanyu zaming』 is not Palhae. Italso tells us that one needs to be careful when he works on a written sourceusing the compilation date of a certain text for a certain historical event. Lotsof historical texts often recorded not the histories or events contemporaryto them but those previously occurred. This kind of conclusion could provideus with an important basis that can be applied to the interpretation of Mu-kuri 畝俱理 in the Dunhuang manuscripts and Bökli in the Turk stone stele inMongolia.
7. If one places those nations mentioned so far in the map with Indiaas the cental country, he can suppose the significance of Kori in India. Inthis map, the Kingdom of Han is situated in the northeast, the Persia is inthe west, and then the Turks in the north, and finally Kori is located in theeast of the Kingdom of Han. Many kingdoms from the Kingdom of Han likeJin 晋, Song 宋, Qi 齊, Liang 梁, Chen 陳, Former Yan 前燕, Former Qin前秦, and Northern Wei 北魏 traveled to India. But they were all called theKingdom of Han or the Chin-a 秦國. In the east of the Kingdom of Han,there were Silla, Paekche, and Japan. However, according to the text, onlyKori was known to India which tells us that in India, Kori was considereda prominent kingdom among these East Asian countries.

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