18세기 官人·實學者의 政治批評과 蕩平策-耳溪 洪良浩를 중심으로- (Political Critiques Made by Government Officials and Sirhak Scholars during the 18^th Century and T΄angp΄yŏng Politics ‐With a Special Focus on Hong Yangho‐)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 부산경남사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와경계 / 78호 / 243 ~ 286페이지
· 저자명 : 김용흠

초록

洪良浩의 정치론과 실학사상은 少論 蕩平論과 江華學派의 영향 아래 형성되었다. 특히 利用厚生을 위한 생산력 증진에는 누구보다도 국가의 능동적 역할을 강조하였다. 또한 그가 편찬한 『牧民大方』에서는 양반 지주의 특권과 전횡을 막고 국가의 집권력을 강화시켜 국가와 민생을 동시에 안정시키려는 근대 지향적인 국가 구상을 보여주었다.
이러한 그의 실학사상은 정치 비평에서도 드러났다. 그는 영조대 思悼世子의 궁료로서 관직 생활을 시작하면서 사도세자 危害세력의 실체에 접하였다. 정조가 즉위한 이후에도 이들은 정조의 왕권 중심 정국 운영에 체질적으로 저항하였다. 이에 홍양호는 이들에 대한 철저한 討逆을 주장하는 정치 비평을 전개하였다. 이때 그는 ‘國是가 바로 서야만 民彝가 밝아진다’고 말하면서 이들을 처벌해야만 ‘國家’와 ‘臣民’이 평안해질 수 있다고 주장하였다. 이것은 ‘國計’와 ‘民用’을 동시에 달성해야 한다는 그의 경세론의 연장선상에서 나온 것이었다. 그리고 소론 탕평론과 강화학파 실학 사상에 특유한 王權論에 입각하여 정조가 국가를 위하여 노력하는 진정성을 인정하였다. 즉 국가를 매개로 하여 그의 정치 비평과 정치론, 그리고 실학 사상이 통일되어 있음을 볼 수 있다.
그리고 정조가 영조의 壬午義理를 수정하고 사도세자를 追崇하는 것에 적극 동조하였다. 그가 제출한 經權論은 보수적 양반 지배층에게 지배적인 追王 반대론을 염두에 두고 이를 극복할 수 있는 논리로서 제출되었을 가능성이 많다. 이는 국가를 안정시켜야만 민생이 안정될 수 있다는 그의 근대 지향적 국가론의 연장선상에서 제출된 정치론이었다.

영어초록

The formation of Hong Yangho’s political theory and Sirhak(Practical Learning) thought were greatly influenced by the T΄angp΄yŏng (Impartiality) theory of the Soron faction and the Kanghwa School (江華學派, A school of thought developed by Chŏng Chedu that focused heavily on Yangming philosophy). Hong emphasized the active role of the state in increasing the productivity needed to bring about the achievement of economic prosperity. Furthermore, he also, in his work <Mongmin taebang (牧民大方, Great Measures on Governing the People)>, promoted the idea of a modern‐oriented state structure which could bring stability to the state and the life of the people by curbing the special privileges and despotic ways of the yangban landlords and strengthening the central power of state.
The fact that Hong’s ideas were rooted in the Sirhak philosophy is also evidenced by a look at his criticisms of the political situation. At the beginning of his career during the reign of King Yŏngjo, at which time he served as an assistant to Prince Sado, Hong was exposed firsthand to the group who sought to harm Prince Sado. These individuals continued to be strongly opposed to a royal authority‐centered political management structure that revolved around King Chŏngjo even after the latter had been enthroned. Hong responded to these calls by developing a political critique that revolved around the thorough removal of this faction. Arguing in favor of the establishment of a fundamental principle of national governance which would strengthen the national awareness of the people, Hong maintained that the ability to bring stability to the state and people was in large part predicated on the punishment of these individuals. This position had its roots in Hong’s theory of state governance which called for the simultaneous development of the national and private economies. With the T΄angp΄yŏng (Impartiality) theory of the Soron faction and Sirhak (Practical Learning) thought emanating from the Kanghwa School serving as his theoretical foundation, Hong also accepted the legitimacy of King Chŏngjo’s efforts to solidify the state based on the theory of royal authority. In this regard, one can see how Hong’s political criticisms, his political theory, and his Sirhak‐based thought were combined.
Hong actively participated in King Chŏngjo’s attempts to modify the Imo ŭiri (壬午義理, summary of Prince Sado’s death) written by King Yŏngjo and the posthumous worship of Prince Sado. Hong’s theory of national governance can as such be regarded as a school of thought that could be used to overcome the objections of the conservative yangban class vis‐à‐vis the posthumous reverence of Prince Sado. It was a political theory that grew out of his theory of a modern state under which the stabilization of the state was regarded as an inevitable step that had to be taken in order to ensure public wealth and security.

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