越南, 朝鮮과 1860-80년대 淸朝 朝貢國政策의 再調整 (Vietnam, Korea and China's Policies Towards Tributary States in the 1860-1880's)

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초록

The purpose of this paper is to compare Ngyuan Dynasty Vietnam and Chosun Dynasty Korea in their relations to China, taking into consideration Qing China's policies toward tributary states in the 1860-1880's.
Conclusions are as follows:Until the late 1870's, the Qing Dynasty rulers tended to evade getting involved in their tributary states' foreign relations, especially with the Western powers. For they were afraid that such entanglements might worsen their own relations with the Western countries. When such countries as England, France and America asked China's assistance for their efforts to 'open' Korea, Chinese authorities continued to refuse, stressing that it was Beijing's principle not to interfere with tributary states' domestic politics and foreign relations.
Although Vietnam stopped sending tributary envoys to Beijing beginning in the early 1850s through 1868, while French aggressions there continued to be intensified, China did not take any actions, nor expressed special concerns. As a matter of fact, China then had no much reliable information about the Southeast Asian country, since the latter despite their worsening relations with France did not take any active measures to ask for Beijing's help.
From around 1879 when Japan officially annexed Liuqiu Kingdom,however, China began to search actively for new policies towards the tributary states. There arose vociferous calls of Qing officials and literati for hardline policies to protect the remaining tributaries such as Vietnam and Korea. Such officials and diplomats as Ho Ruzhang, Huang Zunxian,Zeng Jize and Xue Fucheng proposed various ideas to rearrange China's traditional relations with those countries to fit the Western-inspired new world order, underlining their strategic importance to their national security.
On the other side, some Koreans advocated for the strengthening of Seoul-Beijing relations in anticipation of Chinese help for their countries'modernization.
Consequently more active measures came to be undertaken to sustain or strengthen Chinese influence upon Vietnam and Korea, even amid the rising French and Japanese repercussions. With the defeat in the Chinese-French War(1884-85), the Chinese efforts to keep Vietnam as its tributary failed. In contrast those efforts in Korea to reshuffle their bilateral relations in the modern context appeared to bear significant fruit for a while, to their eyes, since China could get a rather firm control upon Seoul. However, the Chinese-Japanese War(1894-95) hit a fatal blow upon the Beijing efforts to reshuffle the tributary system. Here noteworthy is that in that process, Koreans' repercussions were increasing since such Chinese moves of intervention were against their anticipation of assistance.

영어초록

The purpose of this paper is to compare Ngyuan Dynasty Vietnam and Chosun Dynasty Korea in their relations to China, taking into consideration Qing China's policies toward tributary states in the 1860-1880's.
Conclusions are as follows:Until the late 1870's, the Qing Dynasty rulers tended to evade getting involved in their tributary states' foreign relations, especially with the Western powers. For they were afraid that such entanglements might worsen their own relations with the Western countries. When such countries as England, France and America asked China's assistance for their efforts to 'open' Korea, Chinese authorities continued to refuse, stressing that it was Beijing's principle not to interfere with tributary states' domestic politics and foreign relations.
Although Vietnam stopped sending tributary envoys to Beijing beginning in the early 1850s through 1868, while French aggressions there continued to be intensified, China did not take any actions, nor expressed special concerns. As a matter of fact, China then had no much reliable information about the Southeast Asian country, since the latter despite their worsening relations with France did not take any active measures to ask for Beijing's help.
From around 1879 when Japan officially annexed Liuqiu Kingdom,however, China began to search actively for new policies towards the tributary states. There arose vociferous calls of Qing officials and literati for hardline policies to protect the remaining tributaries such as Vietnam and Korea. Such officials and diplomats as Ho Ruzhang, Huang Zunxian,Zeng Jize and Xue Fucheng proposed various ideas to rearrange China's traditional relations with those countries to fit the Western-inspired new world order, underlining their strategic importance to their national security.
On the other side, some Koreans advocated for the strengthening of Seoul-Beijing relations in anticipation of Chinese help for their countries'modernization.
Consequently more active measures came to be undertaken to sustain or strengthen Chinese influence upon Vietnam and Korea, even amid the rising French and Japanese repercussions. With the defeat in the Chinese-French War(1884-85), the Chinese efforts to keep Vietnam as its tributary failed. In contrast those efforts in Korea to reshuffle their bilateral relations in the modern context appeared to bear significant fruit for a while, to their eyes, since China could get a rather firm control upon Seoul. However, the Chinese-Japanese War(1894-95) hit a fatal blow upon the Beijing efforts to reshuffle the tributary system. Here noteworthy is that in that process, Koreans' repercussions were increasing since such Chinese moves of intervention were against their anticipation of assistance.

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