고대 이스라엘 가옥구조 중 עליה (aliyah)는 무엇인가 (What is עליה in the Architecture of Ancient Israel?)

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· 저자명 : 임미영

초록

The Bible was not written in Korean’s cultural background, but rather in the cultural and daily backgrounds of the ancient Near East, containing the language and customs of the Israelite. Therefore, the approach to such backgrounds should precede to have better understanding of the Bible. Particularly, since a lot of Hebrew terms are not familiar with us, they have been mistakenly interpreted or understood. It is often the case that when we know the closer meaning of these terms, we have different interpretation of them. Among such terms, עליה has been discussed in this paper.
This word has been mainly translated as “darak” in Korean, meaning a roof chamber or an attic. “Darak” is a unique space in Korean’s houses, which used to be located between the ceiling of a kitchen and a house roof. The average height of this room is only 1m and its entrance is made through the door on a wall of the main room (called “anbang”). This room usually functions as a storage or a spare room when there are many members in the family.
However a unique house called the “Four-room House” has been found in various sites of Israel and Syro-Palestine area and interpreted as “the Israelite House”. As the designation shows, there are four rooms in its plan. Two rows of stone pillars vertically divide the space into three, and the latter reaches to a broad room running across the width of the house. According to archaeological findings, the central room was used for food processing or as a workshop, and two side rooms were used as stables for livestock. The broad room was used as a storage. Then, one may ask where the people lived. Since there are remains of steps and ceilings on the first floor, such house was completely roofed and a second story existed.
This second story, עליה in biblical Hebrew, served as the main living space. In this case, the widow from Zarephath who was saved by Elijah in the drought (1Ki. 17:8-24 ) bestowed to Elijah to lodge at עליה (the second story) not at “darak” which means more like a storage space. Thus this was the space where her daily life was occupied.
In addition, steps are visible in the corner of the portico leading to the second story in bīt hilāni, which is the representative building of administrative architecture or a palace in Syro-Palestine region. If we read עליה again as “darak” in Jdg. 3: 24-25, it is impossible that such a space existed in the palace of Eglon, the King of Moab. Since there were steps in the portico, Ehud was not caught by any servants of Eglon even though he killed their king. As the plan of Solomon’s palace described in 1Ki. 7:1-12 is similar to bīt hilāni, his palace must also have the second story. On the roof of such building and of Ahaz’s עליה (“darak” in Korean Bible), Kings of Judah gave offerings to other gods (2Ki. 23:12; Jer. 19:13; 32:29). In the national crisis, Jehoiakim(609-598 BCE) built a spacious house with large עליה (“darak” in Korean Bible) for himself, and so Jeremiah rebuked him (Jer. 22:13-14). According to such understanding about the culture of the Israelites through the Hebrew and archaeological remains, עליה must thus be translated as a second story or an upper room rather than “darak” in Korean.

영어초록

The Bible was not written in Korean’s cultural background, but rather in the cultural and daily backgrounds of the ancient Near East, containing the language and customs of the Israelite. Therefore, the approach to such backgrounds should precede to have better understanding of the Bible. Particularly, since a lot of Hebrew terms are not familiar with us, they have been mistakenly interpreted or understood. It is often the case that when we know the closer meaning of these terms, we have different interpretation of them. Among such terms, עליה has been discussed in this paper.
This word has been mainly translated as “darak” in Korean, meaning a roof chamber or an attic. “Darak” is a unique space in Korean’s houses, which used to be located between the ceiling of a kitchen and a house roof. The average height of this room is only 1m and its entrance is made through the door on a wall of the main room (called “anbang”). This room usually functions as a storage or a spare room when there are many members in the family.
However a unique house called the “Four-room House” has been found in various sites of Israel and Syro-Palestine area and interpreted as “the Israelite House”. As the designation shows, there are four rooms in its plan. Two rows of stone pillars vertically divide the space into three, and the latter reaches to a broad room running across the width of the house. According to archaeological findings, the central room was used for food processing or as a workshop, and two side rooms were used as stables for livestock. The broad room was used as a storage. Then, one may ask where the people lived. Since there are remains of steps and ceilings on the first floor, such house was completely roofed and a second story existed.
This second story, עליה in biblical Hebrew, served as the main living space. In this case, the widow from Zarephath who was saved by Elijah in the drought (1Ki. 17:8-24 ) bestowed to Elijah to lodge at עליה (the second story) not at “darak” which means more like a storage space. Thus this was the space where her daily life was occupied.
In addition, steps are visible in the corner of the portico leading to the second story in bīt hilāni, which is the representative building of administrative architecture or a palace in Syro-Palestine region. If we read עליה again as “darak” in Jdg. 3: 24-25, it is impossible that such a space existed in the palace of Eglon, the King of Moab. Since there were steps in the portico, Ehud was not caught by any servants of Eglon even though he killed their king. As the plan of Solomon’s palace described in 1Ki. 7:1-12 is similar to bīt hilāni, his palace must also have the second story. On the roof of such building and of Ahaz’s עליה (“darak” in Korean Bible), Kings of Judah gave offerings to other gods (2Ki. 23:12; Jer. 19:13; 32:29). In the national crisis, Jehoiakim(609-598 BCE) built a spacious house with large עליה (“darak” in Korean Bible) for himself, and so Jeremiah rebuked him (Jer. 22:13-14). According to such understanding about the culture of the Israelites through the Hebrew and archaeological remains, עליה must thus be translated as a second story or an upper room rather than “darak” in Korean.

참고자료

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