18~19세기 흉주(酗酒) 율령과 그 실태 (18th~19th Century Drunkenness(酗酒) Laws and Its Status)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 인하대학교 한국학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 한국학연구 / 69호 / 265 ~ 298페이지
· 저자명 : 차인배

초록

본 논문은 18~19세기 음주의 폐단 중 하나인 술주정(使酒·酗酒)을 중심으로 酒禁政策의 변화를 법제사적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 나아가 조선후기 도성에서 발생한 酗酒 사례를 통계화하여 음주자의 신분, 직업, 술주정 형태, 범죄, 처벌 등을 분석하여 그 실태를 분석했다. 조선전기 주금정책은 주로 재해에 대응한 救恤을 위한 소극적 단속에 그쳤다. 그러나 조선후기에 음주문화가 확산하면서 술이 개인의 일탈은 물론 사회 전반에 악영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 주금정책이 술을 제조하는 釀酒를 금지하던 방향에서 술을 마시는 飮酒를 금지하는 쪽으로 바뀌었고, 나아가 술을 마시고 주정하거나 범죄를 일으키는 흉주자를 처벌하는 적극적 통제로 전환되었다.
1729년(영조 5) 영조와 신료들이 주금정책의 일환으로 多釀者와 士大夫 음주에 관한 규제대책을 마련하는 과정에서 흉주 문제를 처음 제기했다. 이후 1755년(영조 31) 전례 없는 강력한 주금령이 공포되면서 흉주에 대한 단속과 처벌도 강화되었다. 그러나 흉주자는 쉽게 근절되지 않고 오히려 이로 인한 범죄와 소송이 증가하여 각종 사회 문제를 불러왔다. 따라서 영조와 대신들은 술을 광기와 범죄의 원상으로 인식하여 실질적인 통제책을 마련했다. 1762년(영조 38) 영조는 거리에서 술주정하는 자를 重棍으로 다스리는 규정을 마련했다. 이후 1767년(영조 43) 영조는 주금에 관한 형률을 개정하면서 재범자에 관한 가중처벌 규정을 신설했다. 결국 영조대 점차 강화되었던 흉주자 단속은 1789년(정조 9) 반포된 『대전통편』에 술주정한 자는 杖100이라는 처벌 규정으로 명문화되었다.
한편 인조∼고종 연간 도성 내 발생한 흉주 사건 167건을 분석한 결과 전체 흉주범의 73.6%가 영조∼순조년간 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 이 시기는 흉주범에 대한 법률 규정이 강화되는 시기와 일치한 점으로 범죄의 발생에 대한 법률적 대응이라는 상관성을 잘 보여준다. 특히 사료상 드러난 흉주 주범은 일반인 보다 주로 국왕과 궁궐의 권위를 뒷배로 하는 掖隷와 承政院, 刑曹, 軍營 등 권력기구에 소속된 下隷 등으로 밝혀졌다. 이들을 주로 야간에 술을 마시고 자신이 소속된 기관의 권위에 의지해 그들을 저지하는 단속 관원과 일반인을 상대로 각종 음주 범죄를 자행했으며, 처벌 후에도 술주정이 개선되지 않고 반복하는 양상을 보였다.

영어초록

This thesis has contemplated the shift in the policies to prohibit alcohol consumption with the focus on odd behavior from alcohol consumption as one of the ill-effects of alcohol consumption in the 18~19th centuries under the perspective view of history of legal system. Furthermore, by analyzing the statistics on cases of alcohol related issues arising within the palace during the late Joseon Era to analyze the identity, occupation, type of odd behavior after drinking, crime, punishment and so forth of the alcohol consumer to analyze its status. The policy on alcohol ban in early Joseon Era was rather passively controlling with the focus more on rendering relief in response to disaster. However, in the late Joseon Era, the drinking culture dissipated the country to impact on individuals deviating from their normal behavior as well as causing adverse influence in the society. Therefore, the policy on alcohol ban was shifted from the scheme of banning to manufacture alcohol toward the ban of consuming alcohol at all, and furthermore, it made the turn to aggressively controlling those intoxicated persons who drink alcohol and act with odd behavior from drinking or otherwise commit crime.
In 1729 (5th year of King Youngjo), the issue of alcohol consumption was first brought up during the process of preparing the regulatory measure by King Youngjo and officers regarding the drinking practice of noble class and various citizens as part of the policy on alcohol ban. Afterwards, in 1755 (31st year of King Youngjo), the unprecedented powerful decree for alcohol ban was declared and the patrolling and punishment against alcohol consumption was strengthened. However, those intoxicated persons did not readily gone away, and rather, it provoked various social issues with the increased crime and litigations. Therefore, King Youngjo and officials perceived the alcohol as the origin of insanity and crime to draft practical control measures. In 1762 (38th year of King Youngjo), King Youngjo drafted the provision to the residents who made odd behavior from alcohol consumption in the street with the serious blow of flogging. Thereafter in in 1767 (43rd year of King Youngjo), King Youngjo newly established the provisions for aggravated penal code for the repeated offender when it amended the penal code regarding the ban on alcohol consumption. Consequently, the patrolling on intoxicated persons that had gradually been strengthened during the King Youngjo’s reign was promulgated under the penal code for 100 floggings for those who committed the crime of odd conduct as promulgated under 『Daejeontong-pyeon』in 1789 (9th year of King Jeoungjo).
In the meantime, as a result of analyzing 167 alcohol-related cases occurred within the capital city annually under the reigns of King Injo ∼ King Gojong, 73.6% of entire culprits of alcohol rime occurred during the reigns of King Youngjo∼King Sunjo. This period was consistent to the period of strengthening the penal provisions against the culprits of alcohol rime, which demonstrated the relativity of legal response toward the occurrence of crimes. In particular, the main culprits of alcohol crime depicted from the historic data were not the ordinary people but they were shown as Aeglye with its background of king and the authority of royal palace as well as Harye that belonged to the governing bodies, such as, Seungjeong-won (Royal Secretariat), Hyeongjo (Ministry of Justice), military command and others. They mainly drank alcohol at night, and depended on the power of the government branch that he worked for to commit various alcohol related crimes against the patrolling agents and general citizens who attempted to stop them, and even after the punishment, there was a trend that such odd conduct from alcohol did not improve and such practice was repeated.

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