18세기 후반 청-조선의 범월문제와 경계관리: 金順丁·朴厚贊 사건을 중심으로 (Trespassing and patrolling of boundaries between Qing and Chosŏn in the eighteenth century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 고려대학교 민족문화연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 민족문화연구 / 72호 / 91 ~ 127페이지
· 저자명 : 김선민

초록

청과 조선은 국가의 허가를 받지 않은 병사나 민인들이 사사로이 경계를 넘어 상대방의 영역을 출입하는 것을 엄금했다. 금령을 어기고 청의 영역을 침범했다가 체포된 조선인 범월자에 대한 사법 처리는 18세기에 이르러 점차 정례화되었다. 강희말년부터 조선인 범월자가 체포되면 이들은 봉황성으로 이송되었고 청과 조선의 관리가 각각 파견되어 공동으로 범인을 심문했다. 심문의 결과는 청 황제와 조선국왕에게 각각 보고되었으며 심문 후 범인이 조선으로 이송되면 조선국왕은 범인에 대한 처벌 내용을 의논하여 북경에 보고하여 황제의 최종 재가를 받았다. 뿐만 아니라 조선인의 계속된 범월로 인해 황제는 조선과의 경계지역에 대한 정보가 부족하다는 것을 인식하고 압록강 상류지역에 대한 답사를 지시했다. 건륭27-28년(1762-63년) 무렵 길림장군이 황제의 지시에 따라 압록강 상류지역을 조사했다는 사실은 18세기 초 강희제가 만주인 관리를 파견한 이래 19세기 말 조선과 공동으로 두만강 수원을 조사할 때까지 청이 조선과의 경계를 관리하는 데 결코 무관심했던 것이 아님을 보여준다. 건륭 연간 압록강 상류지역에 대한 답사를 통해 청은 성경장군과 길림장군의 관할지역 및 조선과의 경계를 확인하고 이 지역에 대한 관리와 방어를 강화하고자 했음을 알 수 있다.

영어초록

This paper analyzes two trespassing cases involved with Chosŏn subjects, which took place in 1761 and 1763 respectively, exploring the Qing practices of managing and policing the boundaries with the Chosŏn. The Qing and Chosŏn governments prohibited soldiers and civilians without official permission from crossing the Yalu and Tumen Rivers and violating the other state’s territories. The issue of how to deal with trespassing cases, especially when the Chosŏn subjects were involved, was one of the major concerns between the two courts from the beginning of their relations. Legal proceedings against Korean trespassers became gradually regularized during the eighteenth century. By the end of the Kangxi era, Chosŏn criminals, once arrested for trespassing, were transferred to Fenghuangcheng where the Qing and Chosŏn courts sent officials respectively and launched a joint interrogation against the criminals. The final report of the interrogation was delivered to Beijing and Seoul respectively, before the criminals were transferred to Korea. The Chosŏn king was expected to make a proposal for punishment of his people who violated the Qing territory, but it was always the Qing emperor who made the final decision on the Korean criminals. The trespassers who joined Kim Insul and Pak Huch’an in 1761 and 7163 were first sentenced to death but their executions were continuously postponed. Nearly 14 years after their violations of Qing territory, the Korean trespassers were all exempted from death penalty. The Chosŏn king was not surprisingly pardoned from any punishment, considering his sincere effort of making fast, detailed reports on the crimes to the emperor.
Most of all, the trespassing cases of 1761 and 1763 demonstrate that the Qing emperor and his local officials had huge interests in policing and controlling the boundaries with the Chosŏn. The Qianlong emperor criticized the Yongjo for neglecting to manage the boundaries, but it was the Jilin Military General who became the primary target of being reprimanded for failing to properly patrolling his jurisdiction and allowing foreigners to violate the Qing territory. Upon the Jilin General’s pressure, the Hunchun Regiment Colonel was forced to make detailed reports on Qing soldiers’ practices of patrolling the areas near the Tumen River and Changbaishan. It was such strong concerns and attentions in the boundaries with the Chosŏn that led the Jilin General to launch a field investigation of the upper reach of the Yalu River, a location where Chosŏn trespassers continued to violate. The fact that the Jilian General explored the Yalu River under the imperial decree clearly shows that the Qing court never neglected the boundaries with the Chosŏn during the period after 1712, when Mu-ke-deng was dispatched for the Changbaishan investigation, and before the 1880s when the Qing and Chosŏn launched a series of boundary survey. The Yalu and Tumen Rivers -the boundaries with the Chosŏn- remained an important issue in Beijing throughout the Qing period.

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