金代 前中期 軍馬공급 여건의 악화에 따른 調達 시스템의 변화 (On the changes in the way of supplying military horses and the decline of military power by these changes during the Jin dyansty early and mid period)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양사학연구 / 161호 / 187 ~ 229페이지
· 저자명 : 박세완

초록

In the period of the establishment of the Jin dynasty, wars were carried out by mobilizing horses of individual military households along with government horses. As the wars against the Song and Liao dynasty continued since the founding of the country, the Jin dynasty seemed to have taken the method of supplying horses captured from the battlefield to individual military households and mobilizing their horses to carry out the war in case of emergency. However, as the wars prolonged, the horses in Jin's precincts were gradually depleted, and the Jin dynasty faced a serious shortage of military horses due to the invasion of the southern Song by the Prince of Hailing (海陵王) and the rebellion of the KItai Wowo･Saba (窩斡･撒八). Because of this shortage of military horses, it became difficult for the Jin dynasty to directly pay military horses to military households, so it tried to secure military horses by paying bumaimaqian (補買馬錢) instead of military horses to allow individual military households to purchase horses on their own. However, the poverty of military households, which emerged after Shizong(世宗) period, made it extremely difficult for them to maintain military horses. In addition, the Jin dynasty needed to expand its military spending owing to the wars that occurred during the reign of Zhangzong (章宗), and the over-currency by this situation caused the prices of the Jin dynasty to soar. Therefore, it became virtually impossible for military households to purchase military horses and organize cavalry.
Since then, many military households were provided horses from the state-owned horse ranches such as Qunmusuo (群牧所) in case of emergency, having to be organized into cavalry. These state-owned horse ranches were located in the northwestern border area of the Jin dynasty where good horse ranches were traditionally located, and in the southern border area where few people lived as it became the border with the Southern Song. The problem of the military horse shortage caused by the wars during the Jin dynasty's early period seemed to have eased to a certain extent by the late reign of Shizong. However, the expedition to the northern people during the reign of Zhangzong, Deshou･Tuosuo (德壽･陁鎖) rebellion, and Jiu people (乣人)'s affray which broke out at the same time, damaged very badly the state-owned horse ranches in the northern border area. The Southern Song's Kaixi Northern Expedition (開禧北伐), which occurred in six years without giving the Jin dynasty any time to recover from this damage, also caused great damage to the state-owned horse ranches area on the southern border of the Jin dynasty. As a result, it became difficult for the Jin dynasty to procure military horses needed by cavalry even with the horses of the state-owned horse ranches, and it had to requisition Cilvilian horses and supply them to the army.
However, it seems that the quality of the military cavalry deteriorated because the private horse did not receive the rigorous training for the military horse and did not have the quality that the military horse should have. The Mongolian side underestimated the military horse level of the Jin cavalry during the Jin-mongol War, saying, “Their horese's gait is unruly, so they are not to be feared(彼馬足輕動，不足畏也).” It was natural that such Jin cavalry could not counteract Mongol cavalry when it encountered the skillful Mongolian cavalry which was said, “Even though a thousand horses were in a group, Nobody could hear the cry because they were silent(千馬爲群, 寂無嘶鳴).” This can be said that it was an important reason for Jin dynasty's calvary to be annihilated in the battle of Yehuling(狐嶺會) and Huihe Fortress(會河堡). Aizong(哀宗), The last monarch of the Jin dynasty, appreciated Mongolia's military horse, saying, “The reason why the North Army [Mongolia] was always able to win was simply because it relied on the northern horse's power and used the Chinese machines(北兵所以常取全勝者, 恃北方之馬力, 就中國之技巧耳).” Considering that the weakening of the Jin Army cavalry was due to the lack of qualifications of horses, which were urgently mobilized from the civilians, there is no statement that more appropriately evaluates the influence of horses in the Jin-Mongol War.

영어초록

In the period of the establishment of the Jin dynasty, wars were carried out by mobilizing horses of individual military households along with government horses. As the wars against the Song and Liao dynasty continued since the founding of the country, the Jin dynasty seemed to have taken the method of supplying horses captured from the battlefield to individual military households and mobilizing their horses to carry out the war in case of emergency. However, as the wars prolonged, the horses in Jin's precincts were gradually depleted, and the Jin dynasty faced a serious shortage of military horses due to the invasion of the southern Song by the Prince of Hailing (海陵王) and the rebellion of the KItai Wowo･Saba (窩斡･撒八). Because of this shortage of military horses, it became difficult for the Jin dynasty to directly pay military horses to military households, so it tried to secure military horses by paying bumaimaqian (補買馬錢) instead of military horses to allow individual military households to purchase horses on their own. However, the poverty of military households, which emerged after Shizong(世宗) period, made it extremely difficult for them to maintain military horses. In addition, the Jin dynasty needed to expand its military spending owing to the wars that occurred during the reign of Zhangzong (章宗), and the over-currency by this situation caused the prices of the Jin dynasty to soar. Therefore, it became virtually impossible for military households to purchase military horses and organize cavalry.
Since then, many military households were provided horses from the state-owned horse ranches such as Qunmusuo (群牧所) in case of emergency, having to be organized into cavalry. These state-owned horse ranches were located in the northwestern border area of the Jin dynasty where good horse ranches were traditionally located, and in the southern border area where few people lived as it became the border with the Southern Song. The problem of the military horse shortage caused by the wars during the Jin dynasty's early period seemed to have eased to a certain extent by the late reign of Shizong. However, the expedition to the northern people during the reign of Zhangzong, Deshou･Tuosuo (德壽･陁鎖) rebellion, and Jiu people (乣人)'s affray which broke out at the same time, damaged very badly the state-owned horse ranches in the northern border area. The Southern Song's Kaixi Northern Expedition (開禧北伐), which occurred in six years without giving the Jin dynasty any time to recover from this damage, also caused great damage to the state-owned horse ranches area on the southern border of the Jin dynasty. As a result, it became difficult for the Jin dynasty to procure military horses needed by cavalry even with the horses of the state-owned horse ranches, and it had to requisition Cilvilian horses and supply them to the army.
However, it seems that the quality of the military cavalry deteriorated because the private horse did not receive the rigorous training for the military horse and did not have the quality that the military horse should have. The Mongolian side underestimated the military horse level of the Jin cavalry during the Jin-mongol War, saying, “Their horese's gait is unruly, so they are not to be feared(彼馬足輕動，不足畏也).” It was natural that such Jin cavalry could not counteract Mongol cavalry when it encountered the skillful Mongolian cavalry which was said, “Even though a thousand horses were in a group, Nobody could hear the cry because they were silent(千馬爲群, 寂無嘶鳴).” This can be said that it was an important reason for Jin dynasty's calvary to be annihilated in the battle of Yehuling(狐嶺會) and Huihe Fortress(會河堡). Aizong(哀宗), The last monarch of the Jin dynasty, appreciated Mongolia's military horse, saying, “The reason why the North Army [Mongolia] was always able to win was simply because it relied on the northern horse's power and used the Chinese machines(北兵所以常取全勝者, 恃北方之馬力, 就中國之技巧耳).” Considering that the weakening of the Jin Army cavalry was due to the lack of qualifications of horses, which were urgently mobilized from the civilians, there is no statement that more appropriately evaluates the influence of horses in the Jin-Mongol War.

참고자료

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