고려 전·중기 왕실 봉작제의 도입과 변용 (The Royal Family Investiture System in the Early and Middle periods of Goryeo: How they began, and How they Changed over the years)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 현실 / 127호 / 5 ~ 46페이지
· 저자명 : 황향주

초록

본고는 중국 봉작제가 고려에 도입된 이후 공·후·백, 사도·사공으로 구성된 독특한 왕실 봉작제로 귀결되는 과정을 검토한 논문이다. 중국과 전혀 다른 정치적·사회문화적 토대 위에 성립한 고려는 중국의 문물제도를 도입할 때마다 치밀한 재해석의 과정과 시행착오를 거쳐야 하였다. 왕실 제도 또한 예외일 수 없었다. 이에 본고는 『고려사』 작조를 비롯하여 왕실 봉작제에 관한 핵심 사료들을 재해석함으로써 중국의 종법질서에서 연원한 봉작제가 고려의 사회구조에 맞추어 변용되는 과정을 복원하였다.
고려시대 왕실 봉작제의 첫 번째 특징은 왕작(王爵)을 배제한 제왕제를 구사하였다는 것이다. 현종대에는 당송(唐宋)의 9등작을 도입하되 왕작을 군작(君爵)으로 대체한 일원적 작위체계를 정립하고, 당말송초의 관행에 따라 작위를 수여하였다. 문종 즉위 후 왕실의 세대구성이 복잡해지면서 군은 공·후로 분화되었으나, 고려 왕실은 ‘제왕(諸王)’이라는 자의식을 갖고 당송 제왕제와 유사한 왕실제도나 각종 의례를 구사하였다. 두 번째 특징으로 문종~선종대를 거치며 왕실 봉작제는 혈통의 차이를 가시화함과 동시에 고려의 전통적인 ‘종실내혼’ 규범과 조응하는 방향으로 정립되었다. 고려는 작위 상속을 허용하지 않고 공·후의 아들·사위에게 사도·사공이라는 작위화된 관직만 허락하되, 사도·사공이 왕녀와의 혼인으로 역대 국왕의 직계가족에 편입될 수 있음을 상정한 채 백작을 운영하였다.

영어초록

Examined in this article is the Goryeo Investiture system which was imported from China but ended up becoming a unique system of its own for the Goryeo Royal family with elements such as Gong(公), Hu(侯), Baek(伯), Sado(司徒) and Sagong(司空). The political environment and socio-cultural foundation of Goryeo was distinctly different from that of China, so whenever it borrowed or embraced Chinese institution and culture it had to meticulously reinterpret it or otherwise risk mistakes. Royal family institutions were no exception, so in this article the Jak(爵, Titles) section of Goryeo-sa(高麗史), as well as other sources with key references to the Goryeo royal family investiture system, are all re-evaluated in order to reconstruct the process in which the original Chinese investiture system based on Chinese clan order was transformed to reflect the structure and nature of the Goryeo society.
The first and foremost characteristic of the Goryeo dynasty’s royal family investiture system was that it was a Jewang-je(諸王制) system which did not bestow any Wang-jak(王爵) titles(titles that end with the letter Wang, ‘王’). Until the end of King Hyeonjong’s reign, Goryeo embraced the 9-rank system of the Chinese Dang(唐) and Song(宋) dynasties, but established a unitary entitlement system which bestowed Gun-jak(君爵) titles instead of Wang-jak titles, and bestowed titles according to the general practices observed in China in the wake of Dang’s fall and Song’s rise. But since the beginning of King Munjong’s reign, and with the internal composition of the royal family getting more complex, the Gun(君) title diverged into Gong and Hu, while the Goryeo royal family members began to form a self-consciousness considering themselves as Wang-level figures(諸王, Jewang figures) and observed royal family institutions and ritual protocols similar to those of the Dang and Song Jewang-je system.
The Goryeo royal family investiture system’s second characteristic, which appeared during the period from the reign of King Munjong through that of King Seonjong, was that it began to visualize differences in bloodlines (by differently treating them with higher or lower titles) and was eventually established with parameters conforming to Goryeo royal family’s endogamous traditions. Goryeo did not allow titles to be inherited, and only bestowed title-like posts such as Sado and Sagong to Gong and Hu figures’ sons and sons-in-law, while utilizing the Baekjak(伯爵) title under the premise that these Sado and Sagong figures could be included in the kings’ immediate family by marrying a princess.

참고자료

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