고려전기 후비(后妃)의 칭호에 대한 제문제(諸問題) (The Subject Matter of the Study of Titles of the queen and concubines(后妃) in Early Ages of Goryeo)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사실학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 실학 / 77호 / 5 ~ 41페이지
· 저자명 : 이정훈

초록

본 연구는 현종대부터 원종대까지 후비들에게 주어졌던 칭호의 종류 및 다양한 칭호를 사용하게 된 이유를 고찰하였다.
유교적 통치이념을 표방하였던 고려왕조에서 국왕이 주도하는 외치(外治)와 더불어 왕후가 주도하는 내치(內治)가 매우 중요하였다. 그렇지만 국왕은 일부다처(一夫多妻)가 용인되었다. 이러한 통치 관념과 결혼제도를 결합하여, 후비들에게 비계열 칭호와 주계열 칭호를 동시에 부여하였다. 그리하여 납비(納妃)와 같은 공식절차를 통해 결혼한 적처(嫡妻)들에게 궁주 또는 원주 칭호를 부여하였으며, 적처(嫡妻) 중에서 1인을 왕비로 책봉한 뒤 내직(內職)을 총괄하게 하고 나머지 적처들을 제비로 책봉하였다. 적처가 공주 출신이거나 왕비로 책봉되었거나 궁주였던 경우에는 사후에 왕후 시호를 부여하였다.
현종 및 덕종대에는 국왕과의 혼인 관계를 유지하였느냐가 후비의 여부를 판단하는 중요한 기준이었다. 그 결과 현종 및 덕종대에는 왕비, 제비, 궁주, 원주만이 아니라 궁인 중에서 국왕과 혼인 관계에 있던 여성을 후비로 인정하였다. 정종대부터는 납비와 같은 공식절차를 거쳐 결혼한 여성, 즉 궁주 또는 원주 칭호를 받았던 여성을 후비로 인정하였다. 이에 따라 폐비(廢妃)도 폐비가 되기 전에 궁주나 원주였을 경우에는 후비로 인정되었다.

영어초록

The purpose of this study is to examine the diverse title types given to the queen and concubines during the reigns from King Hyeonjong to King Wonjong and the reasons for using the various titles.
In the Goryeo dynasty, which advocated Confucian ruling ideology, the king-led outward governing 外治 and the queen-led internal governing 內治 were very important. However, the king was polygamous 一夫多妻. By combining these governing ideology and marriage system, title of Lady 主系列 稱號 and title of queens 妃系列 稱號 were given to the queen and concubines at the same time. Thus, the titles of Lady of Palace 宮主 or Lady of Hall 院主 were given to the legitimate wives 嫡妻 through the same official procedure as accepting a queen 納妃. Among the legitimate wives, one was chosen as prime queen 王妃, who was empowered to rule over the the system of woman lived in the palaces, and the rest legitimate wives were appointed as the other queens 諸妃. If a legitimate wife was a princess, a prime queen or a Lady of Palace, she was given the title of the Queen 王后 after her death.
During the reigns of King Hyeonjong and King Deokjong, an important criterion for judging whether she was a queen or concubine was whether she had maintained a marital relationship with the king. As a result, during the reigns of King Hyeonjong and King Deokjong, not only the prime queen, the other queens, Ladies of Palace and Ladies of Hall, but also the court maids who were in marital relationship with the king were recognized as the queen and concubines. From the reign of King Jeongjong, the women who were married through official procedure such as accepting a queen or those who received the titles Lady of Palace or Lady of Hall were recognized as the queen and concubines. Accordingly, even a disposed queen 廢妃, if she had been a Lady of Palace or Lady of Hall before being disposed, she was recognized as a queen and concubines.

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