고려전기 과거급제자의 初仕職 제수와 천거 : 製述科 급제자를 중심으로 (Appointment and recommendation of successful candidates for the State Examination to first-time working position in the Early Goryeo Period －Focused on the successful candidates for Composition Examin)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 고려사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 韓國史學報 / 91호 / 145 ~ 173페이지
· 저자명 : 이정훈

초록

이 글은 제술과 급제자들의 초사직 임명 과정을 검토하여 고려전기 급제자들이 관료의 추천을 받아 초사직에 임명되었음을 밝혔다. 과거가 관료 선발 시험이었지만, 과거에 합격했다고 해서 급제자들이 곧바로 관료가 되었던 것은 아니었다. 급제자들은 국왕으로부터 공복를 하사받아야 정식 관료가 되었다. 또한 초사직에 임명되어야 급제자들은 행정 실무를 담당하였다. 그러므로 과거 합격은 급제자에게 관료 후보자라는 지위를, 공복 하사는 급제자에게 관료의 지위를 부여하였다. 공복 하사 후 초사직에 임명될 때까지 급제자는 실직 임용 후보자로 존재하였다. 급제자는 관료가 아니었기 때문에 행정 실무 경험이 없었다. 그러므로 인사담당 관청인 이부에서 급제자가 어떤 능력이 있는지를, 어떤 업무에 적합한 지를 판단하기 어려웠다. 또한 급제자에게 맞는 관직을 배정하는 것이 쉽지 않았다. 고려왕조에서 천거권은 관료에게만 주어졌는데, 관료는 급제자의 자질, 능력, 덕망, 평판 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 급제자에게 맞는 관직을 추천하였다. 이부는 관료의 천거에 의거해 급제자에게 초사직을 주었다. 그 결과 어떤 관료의 추천을 받느냐에 따라 급제자의 초사직 제수 시기와 초사직의 종류가 달라졌다. 이에 따라 급제자들은 과거 합격 이후 빨리 초사직을 받기 위해, 좋은 관직에 임명되기 위해 구관활동을 펼쳤다.

영어초록

This study reviews the appointment process of the first-time working position for the successful candidates for Composition Examination course 製述科, showing that the successful candidates in the early Goryeo Period were appointed to the first-time working position 初仕職 through recommendation of the bureaucrats.
Even if the state examination 科擧 was a government official recruiting examination, the successful candidates were not appointed as officials immediately. The successful candidates were recognized as regular officials only when they were given official garments by the king. Furthermore, they could perform the administrative works only when they were appointed to the first-time working position. Therefore, the pass of the state examination gave them the status of a candidate for government officials, and the grant of an official garment gave them the official status. During the period from the grant of an official garment until the appointment of first-time working position, the successful candidates existed as an unemployed candidate for the appointment.
Since the successful candidates were not bureaucrats, they had no experience in administrative practices. Therefore, it was difficult for the Civil Personnel Ministry 吏部, to determine what kind of ability the successful candidates had and what kind of job they were suitable for. In addition, it was not easy to assign the right official positions to the successful candidates. For the efficiency of personnel administration, the Goryeo Dynasty used the recommendation system. The recommendation right was given only to bureaucrats, who comprehensively considered the qualifications, abilities, morals, and reputation of tthe successful candidates, and recommended a government post suitable for them. The Civil Personnel Ministry gave the first- time working position to the successful candidates based on the recommendation of the bureaucrats. As a result, depending on the recommending bureaucrat, the timing and type of first-time working positions could be different. Accordingly, after passing the state examination, in order to receive the first-time working position as soon as possible and to acquire a better government post, they carried out post-searching activities.

참고자료

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