백제 사비기 사찰의 가람배치 변화 양상에 대한 일고찰 (A Study on the changes in the layout of Buddhist temples in the Sabi period, Baekje dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국대학박물관협회
· 수록지 정보 : 고문화 / 78호 / 57 ~ 92페이지
· 저자명 : 민경선

초록

백제는 사비 천도 후 불사 조영이 활발히 이루어지기 시작하였는데, 최근 주요 사찰유적에 대한발굴조사가 이루어져 대략적인 가람배치의 변화 양상을 파악할 수 있었다. 백제 사찰은 1탑1금당식으로 중문과 강당까지 일직선상에 배치하고 중심을 회랑으로 둘러 곽을 이루는 것을 기본으로 하고있으며, 여기에 중심건물 주변의 부속건물에 따라 조금씩 다른 배치 양상을 띤다. 일부 특이한 경우가 있으나 전반적으로 시기적 흐름을 보이고 있다. 또한 목탑지 내 사리장치의 변화 양상과도 맥을같이 하여 백제 사찰의 특징 및 발전 양상을 볼 수 있다.
사비 천도 후 초반에는 강당 좌우에 배치된 소형의 부속건물이 회랑과 연결되어 있다가 6세기중반경 이 건물이 조금 더 확대되면서 별도의 건물로 떨어져 나가고, 이와 함께 탑·금당 좌우로 회랑과연결된 동·서건물이 나타난다. 이 시기 심초석이 지하에 위치하고 사리장치 역시 지하에 마련되며6세기 중후반경 심초석의 지상화 과정에서 과도기적 단계의 양상이 보이기도 한다. 이후 6세기 후반~ 7세기 전반경에는 강당 좌우의 부속건물은 없어지고 동·서건물이 북쪽으로 강당 옆까지 연장되며,강당 북편에는 북승방지가 확인된다. 사리장치는 지상화한 심초석 내부에 마련된다. 이러한 양식이통합되어 미륵사지에서는 3원의 형식으로 이루어지게 된다. 입지 등 각 사찰의 여건에 따라 부소산사지와 같이 강당이 없거나 금강사지와 같이 부속건물 및 동·서건물을 두지 않는 경우도 있다.
현재까지 조사되지 않은 사찰유적이 많아 아직 백제 사찰에 대한 전모를 알 수는 없으나 가람배치의큰 틀은 벗어나지 않을 것으로 보이며, 그중 동·서건물의 형태는 백제지역에서만 확인되어 백제가람의 특징으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 6~7세기대 동아시아에서 확인되는 사리봉안의 특징이 백제 가람에서도 찾아지며 변화, 발전하는 과정이 확인되어 사리신앙을 비롯한 동아시아의 불교문화 발전과정에서 백제가 중요한 고리 역할을 하였음을 재차 확인할 수 있었다.

영어초록

The popular belief is that Buddhism was brought from China to Korea in the first year of the rule by King Chimryu in 384 AD, and that a temple was built in Hansan region in the following year, although it has not been proven yet. Afterwards, several temples such as Daetong-sa were told to be built, but the detailed aspects are not known. Baekje Dynasty began toe build temples actively after it transfer its capital to Sabi, and after that more than 25 temples and temple sites are found within Buyo region.
Recently we can secure many valuable materials for the ancient temples of Baekje Dynasty through many excavations for major temple sites. Based on these studies, the changes in the layouts of Buddhist temples can be explained.
The basic plan of the temples in Baeckje Dynasty is composed of one pagoda and one main building layout which is putting the main gate and assembly hall on a straight line while surrounding them with corridor to form an outer boundary. Overall plan of the temples are the same except some variables on buildings belong to the assembly hall. The variables form which has a certain pattern with the time passes except for few unique cases. First, in Gunsuri temple site, the small buildings belonging to the assembly hall are attached to the corridor. However, since then the buildings are separated as they grow in size in Nungsanri and Wanghung temple site. Also to the left and right of the pagoda and the main building, there appear the east·west buildings which are connected to the corridor. The buildings belonging to the assembly hall disappears as time goes and the east·west buildings are extended North to the assembly hall and there appears a northern-buddhist nunnery site to the North of the assembly hall.
These variables are integrated in Miruk temple site, and all three of them are shown in it. There are cases which contain neither the east·west buildings nor the buildings which are belonging to the assembly hall like Gumgang temple site or a case without the assembly hall as in Busosan temple site, because of the location and other reasons. However, during the period of building those temple sites exceed that of temple ruins with the building belong to the assembly hall according to the remains that were excavated with them. The framing purpose of these belonging buildings are suspected to be the place where the temple’s bell was kept, and the east·west buildings are used to be the buddhist nunnery site. According to this plan, living area and meditating area of these temples such as monk’s house and assembly hall and entering area such as corridor and the inner gate surround the service(place for pray and the rituals)area such as the main building and the pagoda.
Along with the temple plan, the lower part of the main pillar of the wooden pagoda shows many changes through time; in particular, the position of the central base stone changed from underground to aboveground. A storage for sari(sacred stone) was placed in the central base stone in Gunsuri temple site 92_ 고문화 78집and Nungsanri temple site, but the later in Wanghung temple site, it was separated from the central base stone and buried beneath the stone in a special container(shaped just like the central base stone), which is a transition period of the central base stone being positioned to aboveground. As these examples show,the central base stone, the sari container, and other offerings were buried separately underground in the sixth century AD, and in the late seventh century the central base stone is located aboveground and the sari container and other offerings are placed in the central base stone simultaneously, which is proven in Miruk temple site recently. This can be compared with the cases of the East Asia, especially Silla Dynasty and Japan in the same time frame.
It is difficult to figure out the whole picture of temples during Baekje Dynasty, since not many temples from that period have been excavated and studied about the basic outline of the temple plan would stay the same. Also, the structure of the east·west buildings is a distinctive character of Baekje temple plan.
Moreover, Baekje temples demonstrate changes and developments showing distinctive features of East Asian sari burying culture, and again we can confirms the fact that Baekje has played an important role in the development of Buddhism in the East Asian countries.

참고자료

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