한·일 여성음악극 단체의 공연 운영시스템 비교 연구 (A Comparative Study on the Performance Management System of Korean and Japanese Women's Music Drama Groups)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국연극교육학회
· 수록지 정보 : 연극교육연구 / 36권 / 36호 / 5 ~ 47페이지
· 저자명 : 강동훈

초록

예술단체는 예술활동 영위로 대중들의 예술 감성을 풍요롭게 하며 나아가 예술발전에 기여하고 있다. 예술단체가 예술창조와 경영을 하는 단위기관으로서 소기의 목적을 얻기 위해서는 단체운영에 효율적인 운영체계가 갖추어져 경영성과를 높여야 한다. 그러나 예술단체의 경영성과는 예술 생태계의 시장 변화와 순수 예술의 열등적 속성으로 재정 및 운영상의 어려움을 안고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 민간단체로 한·일 여성음악극 단체인 한국의 여성국극과 일본의 다카라즈카의 공연양상과 운영시스템을 비교 연구하면서, 민간예술단체가 안정적인 성장과 존속에 작용하는 운영체계를 개선방안으로 효율적인 경영시스템 제시를 목적으로 하였다. 예술단체는 설립 주체에 따라 민간예술단체와 정부의 국·공립예술단체로 분류되며, 소기의 목적으로 민간예술단체가 예술성과 경제성, 정부예술단체가 예술성과 공공성으로서 그 차이점을 가지고 있다. 민간예술단체는 운영 형태에 따라 비영리민간단체, 임의단체, 비영리법인 단체와 개인사업체 또는 주식회사로 구분된다.
본 연구는 민간 예술단체(이하 예술단체라 한다)인 여성국극단과 다카라즈카 단체에 대하여 성립과 성장, 작품성향과 래퍼토리 그리고 쇠퇴와 존속에 관한 운영양상을 비교 분석하였다. 분석에는 필자가 예술단체 운영 현장에서 체득한 경험을 바탕으로 정립한 7개의 경영시스템을 플랫폼으로 설정하여 사용하였으며, 경영시스템의 구성은 첫째, 재정의 안정화기반 조성 둘째, 단원양성의 전문교육훈련 셋째, 전문운영 인력의 육성 넷째, 공연작품 및 콘텐츠개발 다섯째, 전용극장과 상설공연 여섯째, 스타육성과 마케팅 일곱째, 단원의 사회진출 네트워크로 플랫폼으로 설정하였다. 이러한 경영시스템 플랫폼 구축은 양 단체가 근대에 자기자본으로 설립되어 독톡한 콘셉트로 성황 하였으나, 쇠퇴와 존속이라는 상반된 결과를 보여 주고 있어 그 원인과 문제점에 대한 개선방안으로 제시하는 운영체계이며, 이는 선행연구가 여성국극의 공연양상을 학술적으로 다룬 점과 차별성을 갖는 점이다.
여성국극은 1948년에 설립되어 10년간을 성황하다 1960년에 쇠퇴하였고 현대에서는 그 명맥이 미약한 반면에 다카라즈카는 1914년에 설립되어 105년이 지난 현재에도 존속하며 활성화하는 점에 대하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 다카라즈카가 현재에 단일 단체로는 세계최대 규모이며 많은 팬들 보유하고 활성화에 작용한 기업의 안정적인 재정지원과 예술경영시스템이 구축되어 운영되고 있음을 연구하였다. 여성국극은 전통국악인 판소리에 기반을 둔 한국의 근현대 전통 가무악극이며, 신양식의 콘텐츠로 여성 판소리 명창들이 주축 되었고, 예술적 기량이 뛰어난 여성 국악인들의 참여로 시작되었고, 당시의 여성에 대한 차별풍조 등 어려운 사회여건임에도 불구하고 예술가들의 사비와 대출금에 의존된 열악한 재정으로 시도된 일종의 모험인 동시에 창조적인 지평으로 평가되었다. 1950년대 전후(戰後) 사회는 혼란기로 사람들 정서가 피폐하고, 문화예술 환경이 어려운 시대에서 여성국극의 인기는 현시대 아이돌에 버금가는 폭발력으로 잠시 공연계를 석권하였으며, 서민 대중들의 감성에 환상적인 감동을 주었고, 신화적인 전통공연이라는 점에서 그 의의를 갖는다.
문화체육관광부 공연예술실태조사(2019.12)에 의하면 한국의 예술시장에는 2018년도에 2,896개의 민간공연단체가 활동하고 있으며, 이를 장르별로 분류하면 연극단체939개(32.4%), 무용단체 412개(14.2%), 양악단체 839개(29%), 국악단체 603개(20.8%), 복합단체 103개(3.6%)이다. 전통분야의 국악단체는 2017년 441개(18.7%)가 2018년에는 603개(20.8%)로 증가 하였으나, 타 장르와 비교하여 전통예술 단체가 상대적으로 낮은 비율이다. 따라서 대중성을 갖지 못하는 우리의 소중한 전통국악에 대한 애정 어린 관심이 필요하며, 특히 예술적 기량을 대가 끊어지기 전에 계승해야 하는 절박한 현실에서 전통예술단체의 활성화와 성황에 예술단체의 역할이 막중하다.
민간예술단체인 양 단체의 운영양상에 대한 비교분석에서 여성국극의 쇠퇴와 다카라즈카의 존속 원인 가운데 운영체계인 예술경영시스템의 구축 여부가 중요한 결과로 보았다. 그러므로 예술단체의 운영방안으로 제시하는 체계적인 예술경영시스템을 플랫폼으로 구축하여 경영효율성을 높여야 하는 것이다. 민간예술단체는 예술활동에 자율적이며 독립적인 탄력성을 갖고 시대상황에 대처하며, 경영효율성을 높이고 안정된 성장과 존속으로 소비자의 문화향유 충족에 하며고, 우리의 전통문화예술의 창작과 진흥에 이바지하기를 기대한다. 향후 국공립 예술단체의 운영효율성과 체계적인 경영시스템 구축 방안은 차기 연구대상으로 남기며 맺는다.

영어초록

Art organizations, as producers of culture and arts, share the spirit of art creation and the expression according to it socially, enrich the public's enjoyment of art with various artistic activities that meet the natural needs and will of the human world, and further contribute to the promotion and development of art. This is why art organizations with artistic value need to survive through stable growth and revitalization. Art organizations are classified into private art organizations and national and public art organizations of the government, depending on the founder. Since private art organizations rely on their own capital, they should focus their capabilities on creating achievements in artistry and economics through efficient art management. The form of operation of art organizations is operated by non-profit private organizations, arbitrary organizations, non-profit corporations and private companies or corporations. This research is the field of art management on the operating system of private art organizations, and art management has problems with the instability of the art market due to social diversification and financial and operational difficulties due to the inferior nature of pure art. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to solve the problems of art management by private art organizations, and to provide them with improved operation methods that were effective in pursuing the desired purpose and fulfilling their mission as unit organizations. The Korean Women's National Theater and the Takarazuka Theater Company in Japan, which have a common genre of women's music theater as a private art organization, were compared and analyzed based on the form and growth of the group, the tendency of the work, the repertoire, and the performance patterns and the operating system on the decline and survival of the group. The analysis tool used seven art management system platforms established through the experience and research that I have learned in the field of art organization operation for many years. The contents are: First, the creation of the foundation for stabilization of finance, the third development of specialized education and training for unit training, the fourth development of professional operation personnel, the fifth development of performance works and contents, the sixth development of dedicated theaters and permanent performances, the seventh development of star development and marketing, and the network of members' social advancement. The two organizations were established with private capital in the modern era and were successful with a unique genre of concept, but they had conflicting results of decline and survival. These results exist in various causes and problems, but among them, the operation system was studied mainly, and the art management system presented as an improvement method is differentiated from the aesthetic field centered on performance aspects covered in prior research.
The Women's National Drama was established in 1948 and lasted for 10 years before it declined in 1960. In modern times, its existence is weak. Takarazuka, on the other hand, was founded in 1914 and is still alive as of 2020, and is the world's largest single organization with many fans. These conflicting differences were seen as the main factors behind the stable financial support and the establishment of a management system among many reasons. Women's National Drama is a modern and contemporary Korean traditional dance drama based on pansori, a traditional Korean traditional music. It was mainly composed of female pansori master singers with a new style of content, and began with the participation of female Korean classical musicians with the participation of artistic talents, and despite the difficult social conditions such as discrimination against women at that time, it is regarded as an adventure and creative horizon. The Women's National Drama was founded in 1948, and after 10 years of prosperity, declined in 1960. On the other hand, Takarazuka was founded in 1914 and continues to exist in 2020. It is the world's largest single group with many fans. Among these causes, the major differences were the stable financial support of companies and the establishment of a management system. The Women's National Drama is a modern Korean traditional dance music based on Pansori, which is a traditional Korean music, and the female pansori masterpieces were formed with the content of the new style, and started with the participation of female Korean musicians with excellent artistic skills, discrimination against women at the time, etc. Despite the difficult social conditions, it is considered as a kind of adventure and creative horizon that was attempted in poor finance depending on artists' private expenses and loans. In the post-1950s, the post-1950s society was devastated by people's emotions and the culture and arts environment was difficult, and the popularity of women's national dramas briefly dominated the performing world with explosive power comparable to that of modern idols, and it is meaningful in that it is a mythical traditional performance that impressed the emotions of the common people. According to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism's Performance Art Survey (2019.12), 2,896 private performing organizations are active in the Korean art market in 2018, of which only 603 (20.8%) are Korean traditional music organizations. Traditional Korean classical music groups have a relatively low proportion of traditional arts organizations compared to other genres. Therefore, we need a loving interest in our precious traditional Korean music, which has no popularity, and especially the role of art organizations in the success and revitalization of traditional arts is crucial in the desperate reality that the artistic skills of women's national dramas must be inherited before they are cut off.
The result of comparative analysis on the operational aspects of both organizations shows that the establishment of an art management system, which is an operating system, among the various causes that affect the decline of the women's national drama and the existence of Takarazuka is an important factor because the art organization should have economic efficiency by management as a unit organization. Therefore, private art organizations are established based on a systematic art management system platform, and it is an important goal to maintain their existence in stable and continuous growth.,Private art organizations should promote flexible art activities through autonomous and independent decision making, increase the efficiency of art management, and contribute to the expansion of good quality cultural enjoyment rights and the promotion and development of our traditional culture and arts through the establishment of art management system with a stable operating system.,The future management system and efficient management system of national and public art organizations will be established as the next research subject.

참고자료

· 없음