朱元璋의 ‘中國’은 어디까지였을까? ― 주원장 정권의 영토 확장과 중국 인식 ― (How far did Zhu Yuanzhang's vision of ‘China’ extend? — Zhu Yuanzhang Regime's Territorial Expansion and Perception of ‘China’ —)

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초록

This paper examines the territorial expansion of the Zhu Yuanzhang regime from the 1360s to the early 1380s, analyzing how the concept of “China” that Zhu Yuanzhang asserted adapted according to the regions under his control. While previous studies have largely concluded that Zhu Yuanzhang distinguished sharply between China and foreign countries, advocating for peaceful diplomacy, this study reveals that the Zhu Yuanzhang regime engaged in repeated warfare, continually expanding the boundaries of what was considered “China.” When Zhu Yuanzhang initially rose to power in Jiangnan, he refrained from openly declaring an ambition to conquer the entire world. Instead, he frequently sought alliances with neighboring rivals, reserving declarations of conquest until the brink of war. On the eve of his ascension to the throne, he promoted the slogan “Drive out the Barbarians and restore China,” yet he left the exact boundaries of “China” undefined. His primary military targets were the territories of the former Song and Jin dynasties, which had preceded the Mongol Empire. However, his campaigns extended beyond these regions. Amidst the turmoil within the China, he annexed parts of Sichuan, later justifying his actions by claiming this was “originally” Chinese land. Similarly, he sought to claim Shanxi and Shaanxi, regions previously held by the Tangut and Uyghur and later designated by the Mongol Empire as part of “China.” In his assaults on Guangdong and Guangxi—regions with long-standing autonomy for foreign ethnic groups—he emphasized their historic ties to past Chinese dynasties. He also extended his reach to Yunnan, a province that had never been part of the Chinese dynasties in history, asserting that it, too, belonged to China.
Zhu Yuanzhang’s envisioned boundaries of China were fluid and adaptable. The concept of “China” itself was ambiguous, especially given the vast territorial expansion under the Mongol Empire. As the Mongols receded, Zhu Yuanzhang directed his efforts toward defining his own version of China. This vision was elastic; ample historical precedent could justify labeling almost any region as “China.” Whether a region was considered part of China or not depended on how it was constructed and what his immediate objectives required.

영어초록

This paper examines the territorial expansion of the Zhu Yuanzhang regime from the 1360s to the early 1380s, analyzing how the concept of “China” that Zhu Yuanzhang asserted adapted according to the regions under his control. While previous studies have largely concluded that Zhu Yuanzhang distinguished sharply between China and foreign countries, advocating for peaceful diplomacy, this study reveals that the Zhu Yuanzhang regime engaged in repeated warfare, continually expanding the boundaries of what was considered “China.” When Zhu Yuanzhang initially rose to power in Jiangnan, he refrained from openly declaring an ambition to conquer the entire world. Instead, he frequently sought alliances with neighboring rivals, reserving declarations of conquest until the brink of war. On the eve of his ascension to the throne, he promoted the slogan “Drive out the Barbarians and restore China,” yet he left the exact boundaries of “China” undefined. His primary military targets were the territories of the former Song and Jin dynasties, which had preceded the Mongol Empire. However, his campaigns extended beyond these regions. Amidst the turmoil within the China, he annexed parts of Sichuan, later justifying his actions by claiming this was “originally” Chinese land. Similarly, he sought to claim Shanxi and Shaanxi, regions previously held by the Tangut and Uyghur and later designated by the Mongol Empire as part of “China.” In his assaults on Guangdong and Guangxi—regions with long-standing autonomy for foreign ethnic groups—he emphasized their historic ties to past Chinese dynasties. He also extended his reach to Yunnan, a province that had never been part of the Chinese dynasties in history, asserting that it, too, belonged to China.
Zhu Yuanzhang’s envisioned boundaries of China were fluid and adaptable. The concept of “China” itself was ambiguous, especially given the vast territorial expansion under the Mongol Empire. As the Mongols receded, Zhu Yuanzhang directed his efforts toward defining his own version of China. This vision was elastic; ample historical precedent could justify labeling almost any region as “China.” Whether a region was considered part of China or not depended on how it was constructed and what his immediate objectives required.

참고자료

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