기원전 4세기 로마인들은 어떻게, 무엇을 위해 전투했는가? (How and for what did the Romans battle in the fourth century BC?)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국서양고대역사문화학회
· 수록지 정보 : 서양고대사연구 / 25호 / 119 ~ 146페이지
· 저자명 : 차전환

초록

This paper tried to investigate the Roman military ability which allowed
the Romans from about the middle of the fourth century to conquer the
whole of Italy south of the Po valley quite quickly. Rome accepted a Greek-
style hoplite phalanx by the Servian reforms which established a single classis
of all those capable of equipping for themselves. During the war against Veii
the Roman army was expanded from 4000 to 6000 men, probably by the
creation of the ‘second’ and ‘third’ classes, and these new groups began to
use the long Italic shield(scutum) instead of traditional circular one. The
scutum protected the body and legs of a soldier better. The Roman army
underwent what is called ‘military revolution’ in the fourth century BC. The
oval Italic scutum became the standard shield of the legionary, and the
majority of legionaries were equipped with a throwing javelin instead of the
thrusting spear. The phalanx-legion ceased to fight as a single body, but
adopted a number of units known as maniples capable of limited
independent action. These units were arranged in three distinct lines, and
the Romans gave battle by deploying three lines successively. The new
flexibility of battle-order and equipment were to be cardinal factors in the
Roman conquest of Italy.
The Romans had a habit of almost annual warfare in the fourth century
BC. The annual warfare was also characteristic of most other Italian states
or tribes. From the middle of the fourth century, the determining factor in
Roman warfare was confiscation and colonization of land than plundering of
booty. As a result of rapid expansion, the Romans could carry out
substantial program of colonization which helped lessen the problem of debt
among the poor. The introduction of 5 per cent tax on the manumission
of slaves and the suppression of nexum implied the availability of ample
quantities of slaves due to the enslavement of war-captives. The economic
rewards of warfare also manifested in the building and adornment of Rome
and many other Italian towns. The process of building began in the period
around 300. In the end of the fourth century and the early of the third
century the Roman generals celebrated their military success more frequently
than any other period of the Republic. These facts considered, Rome did not
battle in self-defense or in defense of allies, but tried to conquer Italy being
conscious of economic rewards of war.

영어초록

This paper tried to investigate the Roman military ability which allowed
the Romans from about the middle of the fourth century to conquer the
whole of Italy south of the Po valley quite quickly. Rome accepted a Greek-
style hoplite phalanx by the Servian reforms which established a single classis
of all those capable of equipping for themselves. During the war against Veii
the Roman army was expanded from 4000 to 6000 men, probably by the
creation of the ‘second’ and ‘third’ classes, and these new groups began to
use the long Italic shield(scutum) instead of traditional circular one. The
scutum protected the body and legs of a soldier better. The Roman army
underwent what is called ‘military revolution’ in the fourth century BC. The
oval Italic scutum became the standard shield of the legionary, and the
majority of legionaries were equipped with a throwing javelin instead of the
thrusting spear. The phalanx-legion ceased to fight as a single body, but
adopted a number of units known as maniples capable of limited
independent action. These units were arranged in three distinct lines, and
the Romans gave battle by deploying three lines successively. The new
flexibility of battle-order and equipment were to be cardinal factors in the
Roman conquest of Italy.
The Romans had a habit of almost annual warfare in the fourth century
BC. The annual warfare was also characteristic of most other Italian states
or tribes. From the middle of the fourth century, the determining factor in
Roman warfare was confiscation and colonization of land than plundering of
booty. As a result of rapid expansion, the Romans could carry out
substantial program of colonization which helped lessen the problem of debt
among the poor. The introduction of 5 per cent tax on the manumission
of slaves and the suppression of nexum implied the availability of ample
quantities of slaves due to the enslavement of war-captives. The economic
rewards of warfare also manifested in the building and adornment of Rome
and many other Italian towns. The process of building began in the period
around 300. In the end of the fourth century and the early of the third
century the Roman generals celebrated their military success more frequently
than any other period of the Republic. These facts considered, Rome did not
battle in self-defense or in defense of allies, but tried to conquer Italy being
conscious of economic rewards of war.

참고자료

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