원 간섭기 역관에 관한 일고찰 (A study of Interpretation officer in Yuan Dynasty interference period)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사상문화학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국사상과 문화 / 79호 / 197 ~ 228페이지
· 저자명 : 이미숙

초록

원 간섭기 역관의 활동과 출신성향 그리고 그들이 고려사회에 끼친 영향에 대해 살펴보았다.
역관의 출신성향을 살펴보면, 원종 대에는 천민의 신분이라 하여도 몽고어를 잘하면 역관으로서 활동하였다. 그러나 충렬왕 대에는 대부분 양인이거나 양인이상의 신분이었다. 또 충선왕 대와 충목왕 대에는 몽고어에 능통한 고려인들이 점차 많아지면서 왕의 시종을 비롯한 내료세력도 역관으로 활동하였으며, 공민왕이후에는 남반출신의 역관도 활동하였다.
원 간섭기 역관의 주 활동은 통역이었는데, 사신으로 파견되는 경우도 있었으며, 원의 사정을 정탐하거나 원에 가는 왕과 왕비를 호종(護從) 또는 시종(侍從)하였고, 경우에 따라서는 사적인 일에도 참여하는 등 매우 다양한 활동을 하였다. 원·명교체기에는 통사로서 원과 명에 각각 파견되어 상대국에 대한 동정을 살피고, 당시 고려의 사정과 어려움을 전달하는 활동도 하였다.
역관은 원 간섭기에 점차 부원세력으로 성장하면서 고려사회에 많은 영향을 주었는데, 고려 왕실을 약화시키기도 하고, 자기가 지지하는 세력을 위해 정치에도 적극 간여함으로써 고려의 정치에도 막대한 영향을 끼치었다. 또한 천민출신의 역관이 고위직에까지 오르면서 고려사회의 신분변화에도 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 이러한 자신의 지위를 이용하여 경제적 침탈을 자행함으로서 고려사회의 경제적 기반을 무너뜨리기도 했으며, 고려의 풍습을 몽고식으로 바꾸려는 시도도 하였다.

영어초록

This paper studied about the activities and makeup of class of interpretation officers and their influence over the society of Goryeo Dynasty during the Yuan Dynasty interference period. Main activity of interpretation officers in Yuan Dynasty interference period was interpretation, and sometimes interpretation officers were dispatched as envoys to other country while serving as escorts or attendants to a king or queen going to Yuan Dynasty. Interpretation officers were engaged in diversified activities participating in even in private matters of king or queen in some cases. During the period of transition from Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, the interpretation officers were dispatched to Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty respectively to carry out various activities including watching out the movements of partner country and delivering the situation and difficulties then of Goryeo Dynasty.
Looking at the makeup of interpretation officer's social class in Yuan Dynasty period, one could act as an interpretation officer even if he is from the lowest class people as long as he was good in Mongol language. However, in the period of King Choonryeol, education institutions such as Yokeodogam and Tongmungwan were established which served a gateway to interpretation officers after providing interpretation re-education programs. Therefore, the makeups of interpretation officer's social class in that period was mostly civilian class or above. During the period of King Choongseon and King Choongmok, the number of Goryeo people who were fluent in Mongol language were gradually increased and thus king's retainer group including king's attendants also acted as interpretation officers. And after the period of King Gongmin, interpretation officer positions were established in the eunuch department and interpretation officers from Namban class acted as interpretation officers. Accordingly, the makeup of interpretation officer's social class in that period was above civilian class.
As interpretation officers were gradually growing as the source of wealth power during Yuan Dynasty period, their influence to the society of Goryeo Dynasty was immense weakening the power of royal family of Goryeo Dynasty and also supporting the politicians they favored. And the interpretation officers from the lowest class people also influenced significantly to the changes in social class of Goryeo Dynasty taking up high level positions in the government. And they also influenced to the collapse of economic base of Goryeo society by being engaged in economic plunderage using their positions while even attempting to change Goryeo customs to that of Mongol style.

참고자료

· 없음