임진왜란기 조선의 북방 여진족에 대한 위기의식과 대응책 - '南倭北虜'란 측면에서 - (The Joseon dynasty's crisis awareness about and countermeasures to the Jurchen tribes of the north during the Imjin War period - facing against both the Japanese to the south and the Jurchens to the n)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한일관계사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한일관계사연구 / 34호 / 179 ~ 218페이지
· 저자명 : 민덕기

초록

임진왜란 연구에서 여진족에 대한 접근은 대체로 미미하다. 그러나 임진왜란기를 『선조실록』을 중심으로 검토해 보면 첫째 ‘南倭北虜’的 위기상황이라고 조선이 인식하고 있었음을 알 수 있다. 조선은 ‘남왜’와 전쟁한 것만이 아니었다. 동북방과 서북방의 ‘북로’와도 첨예하게 대립한 상황이었다. 남북으로 적을 맞고 있다고(‘腹背受敵’) 인식하고 남북으로 환난을 당하고 있다고(‘腹背之患’) 우려하여 그 극복에 분망하고 있었다. 둘째, ‘남왜’와 ‘북로’는 한 쪽 톱니바퀴가 돌아가면 그 톱니에 물려 다른 또 한 톱니바퀴가 돌아가는 그야말로 連動的인 구조였다고 할 수 있다. 다만 ‘남왜’가 큰 톱니바퀴였을 따름이다. 1595년 10월, 남방에서 활약 중인 경상우도별장 한명련과 의병장 김덕령을 서북방의 장수로 차송하려 하거나 경상우도병마절도사 김응서를 시켜 휘하의 항왜들을 인솔하여 북방으로 가 지키게 하려했던 것은 당시 상황이 ‘남왜’보다 ‘북로’가 더 우려되었기 때문이었다. 셋째, 임진왜란기 군량을 포함한 물량적 측면에서 ‘북로’와의 관계도 그 한 축으로서 큰 의미를 가지고 있다는 것이다. 당시 조선에선 군사보다도 군량을 확보할 수 없는 상황이었으며, 그나마 확보한 군량도 명군에게 공급하는데 급급하였다. 그러므로 조선군의 전투력은 약화일로였고 전국의 백성들은 아사상태였다. 이러한 상황에서 조선은 동북방 여진에 대한 회유책으로 물품 지급이 종종 논의하고 있고 실제로 지급되기도 한다. 이처럼 왜란기 ‘북로’는 정신적･물질적으로 조선의 對日 총력전에 커다란 장애가 되어 있었다고 할 수 있을 것이다.

영어초록

In the studies of the Imjin War, we can find only a little data about the Jurchen tribes. Based on Seonjosillok (Annals of King Seonjo), however, we can find that first the Joseon dynasty was recognizing the crisis of facing against both the Japanese of the south and the northern tribes during the Imjin War period. It was not just the Japanese people of the south that Joseon was fighting against. The dynasty was in very antagonistic relationships with the tribes of the northeast and the northwest. It was in a rush to try to overcome the crisis with an awareness of having enemies both to the north and the south and concerns about troubles. Second, the Japanese of the south and the Jurchens of the north can be compared to a pair of cogwheels geared into each other. Only the Japanese was the bigger one. In October 1595, Myeongryeon Han, an officer of the provincial guards in the Eastern Gyeongsang Province, and Deokryeong Kim, a commander of the militia, who had been fighting against the Japanese, were dispatched to the northwestern frontier, and Eungseo Kim, a senior military officer in charge of soldiers and horses of the Eastern Gyeongsang Province, was ordered to go to fight against the Jurchens of the north with soldiers under his control, who were supposed to fight against the Japanese. This is because the Jurchens of the north was a bigger concern than the Japanese at that time. Third, the relationship with the Jurchens was significant during the Imjin War period in terms of resources including provisions. At that time, the Joseon dynasty had difficulties in securing foodstuffs for the army rather than soldiers. They also had to supply the foodstuff that they had secured with difficulty to the troops of the Ming dynasty. Therefore, the Joseon troops' combating power was being weakened and people were on the verge of starvation across the nation. Against this backdrop, Joseon often talked about supplying materials to the Jurchens as an appeasement policy and it actually supplied materials to them. As described in the above, the Jurchens of the north was a big obstacle to the Joseon dynasty both mentally and materially in its all-out war against the Japanese.

참고자료

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