廣開土王代의 南方 政策과 韓半島 諸國 및 倭의 動向 (Goguryeo's policy of advance into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and the movement of kingdoms in it and Japan under the rule of the Great Gwanggaeto)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국고대사연구 / 67호 / 159 ~ 199페이지
· 저자명 : 이도학

초록

고구려는 3세기 중엽부터 4세기대까지 일관되게 평양성을 정치적 거점으로 중시하였다. 이 같은 고구려 남방 정책의 계승선상에서 광개토왕은 남방 진출을 본격화하였다. 그러한 광개토왕대 진출 방향이 凝結된 자료가 광개토왕릉비문이었다. 능비문을 통해 광개토왕 일대의 總戰果가 오로지 백제로부터 빼앗은 城에만 국한되었음을 확인하였다.
당시 백제는 倭 세력을 끌어들였다. 게다가 백제는 고구려와 接境한 後燕과도 연계하였다. 400년에 광개토왕이 派兵한 신라 구원전은 高句麗=新羅, 그리고 百濟=倭=任那加羅=後燕이 개입한 대규모 국제전으로 파악되었다. 이때의 출병으로 고구려군은 倭軍을 격파하기는 했지만, 後燕의 기습 공격을 받아 당초의 企劃이 어긋난 관계로 실패로 돌아갔다. 그리고 400년의 南征으로 인해 고구려는 신라에 대한 정치적 영향력을 강화한 것으로 해석해 왔다. 그러나 신라는 그 직후 倭와도 ‘通好’했을 뿐 아니라 質까지 파견했다. 광개토왕이 백제 정벌의 명분으로 간주했던 것이 倭와의 ‘和通’이었다. 신라의 이러한 모순된 행위는 고구려군의 400년 출병 자체가 실패했음을 반증해 준다.
倭는 근초고왕대의 修好國인 백제를 지렛대로 한반도 정세에 깊이 개입했다. 倭는고구려의 이해와 충돌했던 관계로 가장 격렬한 전투를 치른 대상으로 남아 있다. 이는 고구려가 설정한 官的 秩序와 倭의 利害가 정면 충돌한 결과였다.

영어초록

Goguryeo had consistently regarded the capital city of Pyeongyang as its important political advance base from the mid-third century to fourth century and this came along with the country's moving forwards the southern area on the Korean Peninsula and the Great Gwanggaeto was fully ready to implement that policy. And the detailed information of it could be found in the epitaph of the King's mausoleum and the contents of it showed that the whole military achievements made in the era of the King might be from only the attacks on cities of Baekje.
At that time the Kingdom of Baekje had formed a military alliance with Japan and also got a close connection with the Chinese Houyan, bordered on Goguryeo as an effective power to check Goguryeo. According to studies, in 400 BC, Goguryeo sent its troops to help Shilla and it expanded into a large scale war on the East Asia, where Goguryeo and Shilla together fought against the coalition of Baekje, Japan, Imnagara and Houyan. In the fight, Goguryeo smashed the Japan's troops but got a sudden attack from Houyan, which led to the failure of the Goguryeo's original intention. In addition, it has been explained that the Goguryeo's conquest of the southern part of the Korean Peninsula in the year of 400 largely influenced Shilla in political aspect. Shilla, however, immediately after the fight, maintained amicable relations with Japan and furthermore, members of its royal family were sent to Japan as hostage. In fact, the Great Gwanggaeto justified his conquest of Baekje for Baekje's establishing friendly relations with Japan. Such inconsistent attitude Shilla showed clearly explains the dispatch of troops by Goguryeo itself failed.
Japan had maintained amicable relations with Baekje since the rule of the king Gunchogo of Baekje and used the country for its deep involvement in the situation taking place on the Korean Peninsula. Japan had to experience the most severe wars with Goguryeo because their interests frequently conflicted. In the epitaph the number of Japan mentioned on it was far more than that of Baekje and Shilla. Even considering Baekje, Goguryeo and Japan continued to find fault with each other. This was the result of a violent clash between the policy of a global order by Goguryeo and Japan's interest.
In short, the policy of the Great Gwanggaeto to move to the southern part of the Korean Peninsula targeted fundamentally kingdoms in the region and stimulated Japan as well. Besides it brought about a military intervention of Houyan on the northern China, resulting in a big turning point that influenced a political landscape in North East Asia.

참고자료

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