고려 충선왕의 국정 및 ‘구제’ 복원 (Goryeo King Chungseon-wang's governing, and partial restoration of Goryeo's ‘administrative conventions'(舊制) in various areas, during his reign)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 진단학회
· 수록지 정보 : 진단학보 / 105호 / 73 ~ 109페이지
· 저자명 : 李康漢

초록

몽골의 피가 섞인 최초의 혼혈 국왕인 동시에 세조의 외손으로서 고려-원 양국에서 강력한 정치력을 발휘했던 충선왕은, 원의 관습과 제도 수용에 적극적이었던 인물인 동시에, 다양한 분야에서 고려전기의 모습을 존중하거나 복구했던 위정자이기도 하였다. 본고에서는 충선왕의 즉위년 관제개편, 복위연간의 태묘제 정비, 그리고 양위를 전후한 세제개정 노력을 검토, 충선왕의 국정에서 고려전기 제도와 관례의 복원이라는 결과가 발생한 대목들을 살펴보았다. 관제개편의 경우, 충렬왕대의 관제를 수정하기 위해 중국구제를 근간으로 한 관제개편을 추구하는 과정에서, 중국구제에 기반해 형성된 고려전기 관제의 일부(각관청별 원속의 명칭)를 복구하였다. 또 태묘제 정비의 경우, 고려중기의 7묘9실제가 여러 운영상의 어려움으로 교란돼 있는 상황에서, 원과의 관계를 고려해 7묘를 5묘로 축소하면서도, 중국 태묘제도 내의 협실제도를 활용해 고려 고유의 9실제를 유지하는 기술적 묘를 발휘함으로써 고려전기 제도에 근접한 태묘의 모습을 복원하였다. 그리고 세제개정의 경우, 태조를 포함한 고려 선왕들의 세제 관련 정사를 누누이 거론하면서, 고려초기의 원칙들을 추구하고 그 권위에도 기대며, 중국의 구법을 활용, 당시의 현실에 맞는 세제를 마련하는 성과를 거두었다.고려의 전기제도에 별다른 관심이 없었을 듯한 충선왕이 이러한 개혁을 단행한 것에는, 역설적이게도 그가 원에 오래 체류하며 원의 국정에 대해 다른 어느 고려국왕들 보다도 깊은 조예와 경험을 쌓았던 점이 작용한 것으로 보인다. 몽골 원의 성립과 함께 다수의 유자들은 한법적 국정의 지향과 내용을 원 제국 정부에 제시하였고, 그 결과 원조의 국정지향은 이른바 ‘구제(한법)’ 복원의 추구를 그 기저에 강하게 깔게 되었다. 충선왕은 원내의 그런 분위기로부터 강한 영향을 받았을 가능성이 높고, 그것이 그의 태조대 정사 및 고려전기 문물에 대한 추숭의 배경이 됐을 가능성이 적지 않다. 외국으로부터의 영향을 활용해 자국의 전통을 복구한 흥미로운 사례인 동시에, 당시 ‘외국’과 ‘자국’의 경계가 허물어지고 있었을 가능성을 보여주는 정황으로도 여겨진다.

영어초록

King Chungseon-wang was a rather unique individual, compared to the other kings of the Goryeo dynasty, as he was the very first king who had Mongol blood flowing in his veins. Also, from his youth he had frequent contacts with his maternal grandfather, Yuan Emperor Qubilai. His own unique status granted him considerable political influence, and with such influence he ventured upon many projects he deemed necessary during his reign. In many ways, we can see that he was clearly determined to introduce Yuan dynasty's institution and other cultural properties to the Goryeo people. Yet oddly enough, during the reign of this unique King, who virtually lived all his life in Yuan instead of Goryeo, reforms and administrations that restored(either completely or partially) traditional and conventional cultural customs and institutional practices of the Goryeo dynasty's early days, continued in various areas of national governing.
First, in 1298 King Chungseon-wang ascended to the throne for the first time, and decided to deal with the issue of modifying the structure of the government. King Chungseon-wang primarily intended to remedy certain problems that were associated with the 'revised' government structure from the era of former king Chungryeol-wang. Originally, he emphasized the fact that the current government structure was not sufficiently reflecting the standards and rules laid out by the traditional Chinese structure for governmental models, and declared that he would renovate the government structure to reflect such ancient customs. Yet he was also interested in reviving elements that existed inside the governmental structure of the early days of Goryeo(we can see that from his efforts he displayed when he resumed his governance in 1308). As a result of his efforts, the government structure that was established in the early days of Goryeo(which was in itself based upon Chinese ancient customs in terms of government structure as well) was partially restored, mainly in the area of the internal structure of individual offices and departments.
Second, in renovating the national shrine, a task which Chungseon-wang started to deal with when he resumed his governing in 1308, he found himself in a position in which he was required to repair the shrine system that was damaged and disrupted by the military generals who ruled the government in the early 13th century, and restore the original features of the shrine as they were in earlier periods, while it was also necessary to acknowledge Goryeo's relationship with Yuan, and downgrade the features inside the shrine accordingly, to that of a feudal state. So, in order to fulfill the second obligation, he reduced the number of designated Myo entities from ‘7' to ‘5', but to honor the first requirement, he implemented the Chinese practice of constructing series of 'flank chambers' to maintain the number of individual chambers, which had been established as ‘9' in earlier periods.
Third, in reforming the tax system, for which Chungseon-wang continued his efforts for several years until it was finally completed around the time Chungseon-wang abdicated from the throne(1314), he continuously quoted the former kings' efforts(mainly that of the founder of the dynasty, Taejo) regarding the establishment of the Goryeo tax system, and declared that the basic principles that had been implemented in the past should be implemented again to reform the tax system. Under such catchphrase, he and his vassals consulted the Chinese rules and teachings regarding ideal taxation processes as well. Such determination and efforts led to a full scale survey project accounting for all the changes that had accumulated for centuries in terms of land ownership and census status, and eventually resulted in a reformed tax system(the Gabin Juan).
There may have been several reasons that made him engage in such projects that led to the restoration of old traditions(either Chinese conventions embedded in Goryeo structure or original Goryeo administrative features that hailed from the early days of the dynasty), and it seems that Chungseon-wang's long term stay in Yuan, along with a natural experience of being showered by Yuan cultural influence during those times, was one of them. When the Yuan empire was newly being constructed and established in the early days, the Mongol leaders had to consult many Chinese intellectuals, and many of them responded with their own administrative expertise, which were in most cases firmly based upon ancient Chinese administrative conventions and the teachings of the past sage kings. As a result, the Yuan government in its early days made it a priority to enforce Chinese conventional features in its governing, and Chungseon-wang had been witnessing all those discussions and activities since his childhood. Such deliberate efforts to return to the old days and old customs must have profoundly inspired Chungseon-wang to study those old conventions and analyze their merits. And they would have also inspired him to implement such attempts in his own governing of Goryeo. Only in this case, it would mean restoring not only universally accepted Chinese conventions in Goryeo, but also Goryeo's own customs and traditions, in administrative terms.

참고자료

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