효소왕의 출생연대와 즉위과정 (The Birth Year and Enthronement Background of King Hyoso)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 신라문화 / 51권 / 115 ~ 148페이지
· 저자명 : 장활식

초록

효소왕의 출생연대에 대해서는 신문왕 7년(687)이라는 『삼국사기』에 기초한 전통적 해석과 문무왕 17년(677)이라는 『삼국유사』에 기초한 새로운 해석이 맞서고 있다. 본 연구는 『삼국사기』의 원자탄생 기록에 은휘가 있고, 관련기록이 기휘되었음을 발견하였다.
신문왕 7년(687)에 태어난 원자는 신문왕 몰년(692)에 신문왕의 아우에 의해 주멸되었고, 문무왕 17년(677)에 태어난 왕자 이홍(=효명태자)이 그 직후에 16살의 나이로 효소왕에 즉위했음을 알 수 있었다. 태자 정명과 김흠운의 딸에게서 혼외자로 태어난 왕자 이홍이 왕위에 오를 수 있었던 이유는 신문왕의 아우가 친당세력을 동원하여 왕위쟁탈전을 펼치는 과정에서 신문왕의 원자를 주멸했기 때문으로 판단되었다.
본 연구에서는 신문왕 정명의 혼인관계가 기존의 통설보다 훨씬 복잡하게 파악되었다. 태자 정명은 취리산 맹약이 맺어진 문무왕 5년(665) 8월에 백제공주와 혼인했다가 나당전쟁(670~676)이 시작된 문무왕 10년(670)경에 파혼했을 것으로 분석되었다. 그 이후에 태자 정명은 김흠운의 딸과 혼인했으나 문무왕의 관작이 삭탈된 문무왕 14년(674)에 파혼할 수밖에 없는 상황으로 내몰렸을 가능성이 있을 듯하다. 그즈음에 태자 정명은 김흠돌의 딸을 새로운 태자비로 맞아들였지만, 신문왕으로 즉위(681)하면서 친당세력의 김흠돌을 제거하고, 김흠돌의 딸을 폐위시켰다. 신문왕은 김흠운의 딸을 재위 3년(683) 5월에 새로운 신문왕비로 맞아들여, 원래 예상되었던 왕후의 자리에 앉도록 했던 것으로 보았다.
본 연구는 지금까지 설화적 인물로 여겨졌던 정신(=보질도=보천)태자가 태자 정명과 백제공주에게서 문무왕의 원손으로 태어났다고 보았다. 태화 원년(648)에 오대산에서 입산하여 50년을 수도했다는 정신태자의 입적은 효소왕 6년(697)이었으며, 정신태자의 유언을 받들어서 성덕왕이 재위 4년(705)에 진여원을 개창했음을 알 수 있었다. 정신태자가 오대산에서 실제로 수도했던 기간은 20여년이었을 것이며, 그는 1~5살의 어린 나이에 오대산의 어느 사찰에 버려졌던 ‘비운의 태자’로 추정되었다.

영어초록

The 32th King of Silla, Hyoso, ascended the throne in 692 and died in 702. He inherited the throne after his father, King ShinMun who reigned between 681 and 692, and was succeeded by his younger brother, King SeongDeok who reigned between 702 and 737. The birth year of King Hyoso is in question. It seems that he was born in 687, according to 『History of the Three Kingdoms』. However, 『Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms』 stated that he was born in 677.
This paper examined the script that has long been considered as the birth record of King Hyoso and found that the statement, “on that day, the sky was dark and numerous lightning bolts stroke followed by loud thunders,” is a metaphoric expression indicating that the prince born in 687 was killed by his usurping uncle in 692. This prince was not King Hyoso, but his younger brother. It turned out that King Hyoso born in 677 ascended the throne right after his younger brother’s death by his uncle.
King ShinMun, whose name was JeongMyeong, had multiple marriages in a monogamous system.
His first marriage, as a prince, appears to be in 665 with a princess of BaekJe, a kingdom that had been conquered by allied forces of Silla and Tang in 660. This marriage might have been enforced by Emperor Gaozong of Tang who wanted to abate conflicts between the two adversarial royal families and thus stabilize his influences over the two kingdoms. JeongMyeong, however, terminated this marriage, sometime before a war broke out between Silla and Tang in 670. His second marriage appears to be with the daughter of HumEun Kim. This marriage could be a reflection of anti-BaekJe and anti-Tang movements in Silla. The marriage, however, could not survive the massive military attack of Tang in 674. His third marriage appears to be with the daughter of HumDol Kim. HumDol is very likely to be a leader of pro-Tang bureaucrats in Silla.
Prince JeongMyeong, however, had no child with the daughter of HumDol Kim. Instead he had maintained a close relationship with his ex-wife, the daughter of HumUn Kim.
They had their first illegitimate son in 677 who later became King Hyoso, and the second illegitimate son in 681 who later became King SeongDeok. In 683, King ShinMun remarried his second wife, the daughter of HumUn Kim, and gave her the position she expected when she first married Prince JeongMyeong. In 687, King ShinMun and the daughter of HumUn Kim had their third son who was their first legitimate son. Although the prince born in 687 was younger than his brothers, he was the only legitimate son who was entitled to the throne.
In 692, King ShinMun died, and the young crown prince at the age of six was supposed to inherit the throne after his father. A brother of King ShinMun who was most likely being supported by pro-Tang forces, however, rebelled and killed the six-year-old crown prince. However, Kingdom’s People, a group of leaders consisting of royal family members, overthrew the seemingly successful military coup. Consequently, King Hyoso ascended the throne in 692.

참고자료

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