17세기 후반 산릉역의 승군 징발 (The requisition of Buddhist monk laborers for construction of royal tombs in the latter period of 17th century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 부산경남사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와경계 / 73호 / 71 ~ 105페이지
· 저자명 : 윤용출

초록

There were great demands of labor and goods to build royal tombs in the latter period of Chosun Dynasty. It was a construction work on a state occasion. According to the records of early 17th century, 270,000 man-days were required to build a new royal tomb. So it had been an important item in the compulsory labor of peasant. In the first half of 17th century, royal tombs were built by farmers, soldiers and monk laborers.
Until the early 17th century, farmers and soldiers took up the largest proportion of sanneungyeok, labor requisition for construction of royal tombs. However, their proportion in the labor force decreased as they gradually began to be exempt from sanneungyeok. Since morip system, the system of employing day-workers was introduced in the early 17th century and paid workers called moguns began to be hired for sanneungyeok, the paid workers proportion gradually increased. In the late 17th century, compulsory labor of Buddhist monks and paid labor of moguns constituted the major labor force of sanneungyeok.
Unlike moguns that should be paid, mobilizing Buddhist monks didnt require fiscal spending. Especially for complex tasks like moving stone statues, Buddhist monks were considered capable labor force.
In 1680(6th year of King Sukjongs reign), for a construction project of a tomb of late Queen Ingyeong, 3,600 Buddhist monks were requisitioned, the biggest recorded number of the monks ever requisitioned. However, since then such types of requisitioning compulsory labor gradually decreased. The biggest reason of decreased compulsory labor of the monks may be attributed to the downsizing trends of stone sculptures at royal tombs which started at King Sukjongs reign. As the stone sculptures became more minimal, demands for compulsory labor of Buddhist monks also went down. After all, using them disproportionately often was against the decreasing trends of other types of compulsory labor like statute labor or military services.
When local authorities officially commandeered monks, big efforts were made by local temples to minimize burdens imposed on them, using their connections with influential noblemen and lobbying local officials. County officials were responsible for field work of requisitioning the monks. And county officials took the monks to designated locations, marching the monks together with chasawons, local officials who were responsible for commanding the requisitioned labor, to designated locations for work on requested time according to the orders from local authorities.
During the compulsory work, the monks were supposed to provide themselves, without being paid by the authorities. However, since late 17th century, as additional requests were placed more often, it became more common to pay the monks. At first, it was considered unprecedented that the monks were paid for requisitioned labor. Still, for local authorities, it had cost-effectiveness to use capable labor of the monks at far less cost than hiring paid moguns.
Whilst Sanneungdogam, the local authority that commanded sanneungyeoks, wanted to commandeer more monks and make use of qualified labor of more monks, monks were apparently resistant to requests of additional work. They were no more simply obedient and quiet laborers.
For a short period in the late 17th century, use of compulsory labor of monks increased temporarily. But at the end of the century, the requisition began to decrease gradually. The last case of mass requisition of monks for sanneungyeok was commanded in 1757(33th year of King Yeongjos reign), making such kinds of compulsory labor history. How requisition of monks for the royal tomb construction projects gradually decreased and finally disappeared shows the gradual dismantlement of the compulsory labor system that requisitioned monks.

영어초록

There were great demands of labor and goods to build royal tombs in the latter period of Chosun Dynasty. It was a construction work on a state occasion. According to the records of early 17th century, 270,000 man-days were required to build a new royal tomb. So it had been an important item in the compulsory labor of peasant. In the first half of 17th century, royal tombs were built by farmers, soldiers and monk laborers.
Until the early 17th century, farmers and soldiers took up the largest proportion of sanneungyeok, labor requisition for construction of royal tombs. However, their proportion in the labor force decreased as they gradually began to be exempt from sanneungyeok. Since morip system, the system of employing day-workers was introduced in the early 17th century and paid workers called moguns began to be hired for sanneungyeok, the paid workers proportion gradually increased. In the late 17th century, compulsory labor of Buddhist monks and paid labor of moguns constituted the major labor force of sanneungyeok.
Unlike moguns that should be paid, mobilizing Buddhist monks didnt require fiscal spending. Especially for complex tasks like moving stone statues, Buddhist monks were considered capable labor force.
In 1680(6th year of King Sukjongs reign), for a construction project of a tomb of late Queen Ingyeong, 3,600 Buddhist monks were requisitioned, the biggest recorded number of the monks ever requisitioned. However, since then such types of requisitioning compulsory labor gradually decreased. The biggest reason of decreased compulsory labor of the monks may be attributed to the downsizing trends of stone sculptures at royal tombs which started at King Sukjongs reign. As the stone sculptures became more minimal, demands for compulsory labor of Buddhist monks also went down. After all, using them disproportionately often was against the decreasing trends of other types of compulsory labor like statute labor or military services.
When local authorities officially commandeered monks, big efforts were made by local temples to minimize burdens imposed on them, using their connections with influential noblemen and lobbying local officials. County officials were responsible for field work of requisitioning the monks. And county officials took the monks to designated locations, marching the monks together with chasawons, local officials who were responsible for commanding the requisitioned labor, to designated locations for work on requested time according to the orders from local authorities.
During the compulsory work, the monks were supposed to provide themselves, without being paid by the authorities. However, since late 17th century, as additional requests were placed more often, it became more common to pay the monks. At first, it was considered unprecedented that the monks were paid for requisitioned labor. Still, for local authorities, it had cost-effectiveness to use capable labor of the monks at far less cost than hiring paid moguns.
Whilst Sanneungdogam, the local authority that commanded sanneungyeoks, wanted to commandeer more monks and make use of qualified labor of more monks, monks were apparently resistant to requests of additional work. They were no more simply obedient and quiet laborers.
For a short period in the late 17th century, use of compulsory labor of monks increased temporarily. But at the end of the century, the requisition began to decrease gradually. The last case of mass requisition of monks for sanneungyeok was commanded in 1757(33th year of King Yeongjos reign), making such kinds of compulsory labor history. How requisition of monks for the royal tomb construction projects gradually decreased and finally disappeared shows the gradual dismantlement of the compulsory labor system that requisitioned monks.

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