‘-단다’형 어미의 형성 - 인용표지 ‘-고’의 생성과 관련하여 - (The development of ‘-tanta’ type suffixes - related with the creation of the quotative marker ‘-ko’ -)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 국어학회
· 수록지 정보 : 國語學 / 87호 / 3 ~ 38페이지
· 저자명 : 송재목

초록

‘-단다’형 어미에 대해서는 ‘-다고 한다’에서 ‘-고’와 ‘하-’가 순차적으로 생략되어 생겼다는 설(‘-다고 한다’설)과 ‘-다 한다’에서 ‘하-’의 탈락에 의해 생겼다는 설(‘-다 한다’설)이 있다. 이 글에서는 공시적, 통시적인 자료에 근거하여‘-단다’가 ‘-다 한다’에서 음운론적 축약에 의해 생긴 현상이라는 것을 밝힌다.
인용표지 ‘-고’는 피인용문을 상위문에 연결하는 보문소의 역할을 하지만 한국어의 내포문에서 보문소는 탈락하지 않는다. 또한 인용표지 ‘-고’는 다른 인용동사들 앞에서는 탈락하지 않는다. 한국어에서 ‘하-’는 단어 내부와 단어 경계에서 생략되는 경향이 있지만, ‘하-’가 생략될 경우 단독으로 생략되지 선행하는 형태소와 함께 생략되지는 않는다. 나아가 ‘-다고 한다’설에서는 ‘-고’의 탈락이 ‘하-’의 탈락을 선행해야 하지만 이 또한 독자적인 문법적 근거를 제시할수 없다. ‘-다고 한다’설은 ‘-단다’형에 앞선 ‘-다고 한다’구문의 존재를 전제로한다. 이를 위해서는 인용표지 ‘-고’가 ‘-단다’형에 앞서 생성되어 있어야 한다.
이 글에서는 인용표지 ‘-고’가 16, 17세기에 형성되었다는 주장을 비판하고, 18 세기 중반에 태동하기 시작한 것으로 본다. 반면에 ‘-단다’형 어미는 같은 시기에 이미 다양한 환경에서 광범위하게 관찰되며, 문법화를 겪은 예들도 존재한다.
이러한 사실은 인용표지 ‘-고’가 생기기 전에 ‘-단다’형 어미가 널리 사용되고있었으며, 따라서 ‘-단다’형 어미가 ‘-다고 한다’구문에서 생겨날 수 없었다는것을 보여 준다.

영어초록

Korean has developed the quotative marker (complementizer) ‘-ko’ from ‘hako’, which is a converbal form of the quotative verb ‘ha-’.
There are different opinions about when it was grammaticalized as a complementizer. While some claim that it first appeared as a complementizer in 16th, 17th century, others contend that the time was 18th century. This paper argues that the examples of 16th, 17th century textbooks do not show usages of complementizer and that the complementizer ‘(ha)ko’ first appeared in the middle of 18th century.
Korean has a group of unusual suffixes, ‘-ta-n-ta’ type ones.
Though Korean sentences are usually allowed just one sentenceterminal suffix, these forms look to have two sentence-terminal suffixes within their boundaries. There are two different theories about the origin of these forms: (i) they came from the construction of ‘-ta-ko ha-n-ta’ through the deletion of ‘-ko-’ and ‘ha-’ (the ‘-ta-ko ha-n-ta’ theory); (ii) they came from the construction of ‘-ta ha-n-ta’ through the deletion of ‘ha-’ (the ‘-ta ha-n-ta’ theory). Based on synchronic and diachronic analysis of Korean, this paper argues for the ‘-ta ha-n-ta’ theory.
The synchronic problem which the ‘-ta-ko ha-n-ta’ theory faces is that it requires the deletion of ‘-ko’. Korean complementizers are never deleted in other type of matrix clauses. The complementizer ‘-ko’ is not usually deleted in other quotation constructions. Though the stemof verb ‘ha-’ is often deleted within or between word boundaries, it never requires the deletion of a preceding morpheme. Another problem of the theory is that it requires the deletion of ‘-ko’ prior to the deletion of ‘ha-’. There is no independent theoretical support for the order of deletions in Korean, except the fact that the reverse order may result in unacceptable forms.
Diachronic evidence also supports the ‘-ta ha-n-ta’ theory. One of its premises in the ‘-ta-ko ha-n-ta’ theory is the existence of ‘-ta-ko ha-n-ta’ constructions before ‘-tanta’ type suffixes. It presupposes the grammaticalization of the complementizer ‘-ko’ prior to the appearance of ‘-tanta’ type suffixes. However, historical documents from the middle of 18th century tell us a different story. While the ‘-ko’ is rarely used in the quotation constructions, ‘-tanta’ type suffixes are widely testified in various environments. Some of ‘-tanta’ type suffixes show further grammaticalization from quotation constructions. This means that ‘-tanta’ type suffixes appeared long before the middle of 18th century, whereas ‘-ko’ just started to live as a complementizer from the middle of 18th century. In other words, ‘-tanta’ type suffixes appeared before the formation of quotative marker ‘-ko’ in Korean, which means that ‘-tanta’ could not have arisen from ‘-ta-ko ha-n-ta’.
We argue that there have been two separate historical changes in Korean related with the formation of ‘-ta ha-n-ta’: i) ‘-ta ha-n-ta’ > ‘-ta-n-ta’; ii) ‘-ta ha-n-ta’ > ‘-ta-ko ha-n-ta’. The first change precedes the second one historically, hence there is no direct relation between ‘-ta-n-ta’ suffixes and ‘-ta-ko ha-n-ta’ constructions.

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