洪良浩 實學思想의 系統과 『牧民大方』 (The Genealogy of Hong Yangho’s Sirhak Thought and the )

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 조선시대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 조선시대사학보 / 56호 / 77 ~ 123페이지
· 저자명 : 김용흠

초록

홍양호의 실학사상은 소론 탕평론과 강화학파의 영향 아래 형성되었다. 그는 봉건적 신분제와 지주제의 모순을 직접 거론하지는 않았지만 그로 인한 모순과 폐단에 대해서는 농민의 입장에서 절실하게 공감하고 있었다. 그의 문학작품은 이러한 그의 민중의식을 잘 보여준다. 또한 이러한 민중의식에 바탕을 두고 강렬한 민족의식을 표출하기도 하였다. 그는 우리 역사의 유구성에 자부심을 갖고, 연속성 속에서 당시의 조선사회를 이해하였다. 그리하여 조선의 역사․지리․언어․문화․예술 등의 영역으로 그의 학문을 확장할 수 있었다.
그는 자신의 민중․민족의식을 관인으로서 지방과 중앙에서 실천으로 보여주었다. 그가 목민관으로서 勸農과 賑恤에 진력한 업적이나 민의 利用厚生을 증진시키는 방안을 제시한 것은 그것을 잘 말해준다. 그는 이러한 방안을 ‘足國裕民’의 원칙, 즉 ‘國計와 民用’을 동시에 실현함으로써 달성해야 할 것으로 생각하였다. 이것은 양반제와 노비제를 폐지하고 토지개혁을 통해서 지주제의 모순을 해소하고자 하였던 鄭齊斗 등의 실학사상과 그 지향점에서 동일한 것이었다. 특히 이용후생을 위한 생산력 증진에는 여느 강화학파 지식인보다도 국가의 능동적 역할을 강조하였다.
또한 그가 편찬한 목민서인 『목민대방』은 18세기 소론 탕평파 내지 소론 양명학파의 국가 구상을 지방 통치 차원에서 집약적으로 보여주었다. 여기에는 양반․지주․토호의 특권과 전횡을 막고 국가의 집권력을 강화시켜서 국가와 민생을 동시에 안정시키려 한 탕평론 및 실학 사상의 지향이 이전보다 강화된 형태로 제시되었다. 이것은 당시 봉건사회의 모순을 해소하고자 한 관인․실학자 일각의 지향을 반영한 것으로서, 결국 근대 지향적인 국가 구상의 일단을 드러낸 것이었다.

영어초록

Hong Yangho’s Sirhak (Practical Learning) thought was greatly influenced by the T΄angp΄yŏng (Impartiality) theory developed by the Soron faction and the Kanghwa School(江華學派, A school of thought developed by Chŏng Chedu that focused heavily on Yangming philosophy). Although Hong did not directly raise the contradictions inherent in the feudal hierarchy and landlord system, he was well aware of the conflicts and evil practices that stemmed from these two systems as far as farmers were concerned. Hong’s keen awareness of the people (minjung) is clearly on display in his works. Hong also expressed a strong national consciousness, a consciousness that was rooted in this awareness of the people. Hong took great pride in what he perceived as the eternal nature of Chosŏn, and this sense of continuity greatly impacted his perception of Chosŏn society at that time. It was based on this background that Hong extended his studies into the other fields such as the history, geography, language, culture and art of Chosŏn.
Hong’s keen awareness of the people and nation were also clearly on display during his days as an official within both the central and local governments. Some of his undertakings to this end include the promotion of agriculture and relief services during his days as a local governor(mongmin΄gwan), and his introduction of measures to increase productivity and bring about economic prosperity. Hong believed that these steps could be achieved through the simultaneous development of the national and private economies, or what was known as the principle of Chokkuk yumin (足國裕民). Hong’s thought was consistent with Chŏng Chedu’s Sirhak thought that was based on such concepts as the abolishment of the yangban and nobi (slavery) system and the easing of the inherent contradictions of the landlord system through land reform. In this regard, Hong emphasized the active role which the state had to play in increasing the productivity needed to bring about the achievement of economic prosperity more than any other intellectual from the Kanghwa School.
In addition, his <Mongmin taebang (牧民大方, Great Measures on Governing the People)> included some of the ideas for a national structure, albeit at the local governance level, that had been developed by advocates within the Soron faction of the T΄angp΄yŏng (Impartiality) policy and the tenets of the Yangming School. His efforts were focused on the curbing of the privileges and despotism of the yangban class, landlords, and local power groups on the one hand, and the stabilization of the state and public welfare through the strengthening of central power. These suggestions can be regarded as part of the furthering of the tenets of the T΄angp΄yŏng (Impartiality) theory and Sirhak (Practical Learning) philosophy. His line of reasoning was in keeping with the calls for a modern state made by the group of government officials and Sirhak scholars who sought to eradicate the contradictions of the feudal society.

참고자료

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