조선후기의 敎誨譯官 -『敎誨廳先生案』의 분석을 중심으로- (The Training Group among the Official Interpreters during Late Chosǒn Dynasty -On the Analysis of Kyohoech'ǒng-sǒnsaengan(敎誨廳先生案)-)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 조선시대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 조선시대사학보 / 24호 / 79 ~ 144페이지
· 저자명 : 김양수

초록

The foreign language teachers among the official interpreters were composed of kyosu(敎授: 從6品) and hundo(訓導: 從9品). They were also called kyohoe(敎誨) in Chosǒn dynasty. The rule of the government guaranteed them long-term service for more than 30 months, while most members of the official interpreters could serve only temporily. After that term the kyohoe could have a chance to transfer to civil officials if they hope. As a result, the member of the kyohoewho have possessed siljik(實職) formed the leading group in the field of official interpreters. We can find out 442 members of them in the Gyohoechung- sunsaengan(敎誨聽先生案: Teacher's List of Official Interpreter Training Institute) that was collected by the Kyujanggak(奎章閣) Library.
Most of the kyohoesucceeded in the examination of the yokkwa(譯科). The average succeeded percentage of yokkwa was 84.4% among gyohoe. The average age of them was 19.9. And the average age of promotion to kyohoe was 34.6. Almost of them majored in the Chinese language. The clans of the kyohoe was distributed to 97 famillies. The great 10 clans of them was ① Yi from Kǔmsan(金山李氏), ② Kim from Ubong(牛峰金氏), Yi from Wansan(完山李氏), ④ Pyǒn from Miryang(密陽卞氏), ⑤ Hong from Namyang(南陽洪氏), ⑥ Han from Ch'ǒngju(淸州韓氏), ⑦ Hyǒn from Ch'ǒnnyǒng(川寧玄氏), ⑧ Yi from Kangǔm(江陰李氏), ⑨ Kim from Kyǒngju(慶州金氏), ⑩ Kim from Chǒnju(全州金氏). They were accounted for 43% of the kyohoe. If we find out great 20 clans, they would occupied 58.5% among all the kyohoe. In the course of time, excellent famillies monopolied the kyohoe gradually.
If we investigate the bureaucratic grade of the kyohoe, the members, who had ranked to Chǒung(正) in Sayǒkwon(司譯院) counted 117 persons, ranked to T'ongjǒng-daebu(通政大夫) counted 52, and Sungrok-daebu(崇祿大夫) counted 45. We can regard them as a leading status among the official interpreters.
And if we classify them by the bureaucratic rank, there were officials of Tangsangkwan(堂上官) occupying 54.7%, Ch'amsangkwan(參上官) occupying 40.3%, and Ch'amhakwan(參下官) occupying 3.2%. According to the statistics, who had the bureaucratic grade was 98.2%. Among the late period of Chosǒn bureaucratic rank of them reached to the highest position in the 18th century.
From the Kyohoechǒng-sǒnsaengan(敎誨聽先生案) we can also sort out the special positions among the kyohoe totalled 214 persons. They held 19 positions of Suyǒk (首譯: chief official interpreter in mission), 60 Haengsu(行首: chief official of a bureau), and 204 Hunsang(訓上: selected Tangsanggwan among kyohoe). If we classify them by clan, the order of them is same as No. 1 to No. 7 with the kyohoe interpreters and some of whom concurrent positions. In the special official post members of Gyohoe, the percentage who came from great 10 famillies is 51.9%. And if we enlarge the range to great 20 famillies, they occupied 70.1%. One of the most famous person among them is YI Su(李洙) whose ancestral home was Kǔmsan(金山). He insisted the import of coins from Ch'ing(淸) for the means of official interpreter's living in the 18th century.
The Leaders among official interpreters could be promoted to higher bureaucratic rank by their distinguished services in diplomacy, or by writting the books about diplomacy and textbooks for learning foreign language.
The training group among the official interpreters contributed to their country by training the capable interpreters and maintaining peaceful relations with neighbor countries by intermediary trade. Also they tried to exchange culture. However, it was a pending problem that kyohoe(敎誨) interpreter positions were monopolied to some famillies.

영어초록

The foreign language teachers among the official interpreters were composed of kyosu(敎授: 從6品) and hundo(訓導: 從9品). They were also called kyohoe(敎誨) in Chosǒn dynasty. The rule of the government guaranteed them long-term service for more than 30 months, while most members of the official interpreters could serve only temporily. After that term the kyohoe could have a chance to transfer to civil officials if they hope. As a result, the member of the kyohoewho have possessed siljik(實職) formed the leading group in the field of official interpreters. We can find out 442 members of them in the Gyohoechung- sunsaengan(敎誨聽先生案: Teacher's List of Official Interpreter Training Institute) that was collected by the Kyujanggak(奎章閣) Library.
Most of the kyohoesucceeded in the examination of the yokkwa(譯科). The average succeeded percentage of yokkwa was 84.4% among gyohoe. The average age of them was 19.9. And the average age of promotion to kyohoe was 34.6. Almost of them majored in the Chinese language. The clans of the kyohoe was distributed to 97 famillies. The great 10 clans of them was ① Yi from Kǔmsan(金山李氏), ② Kim from Ubong(牛峰金氏), Yi from Wansan(完山李氏), ④ Pyǒn from Miryang(密陽卞氏), ⑤ Hong from Namyang(南陽洪氏), ⑥ Han from Ch'ǒngju(淸州韓氏), ⑦ Hyǒn from Ch'ǒnnyǒng(川寧玄氏), ⑧ Yi from Kangǔm(江陰李氏), ⑨ Kim from Kyǒngju(慶州金氏), ⑩ Kim from Chǒnju(全州金氏). They were accounted for 43% of the kyohoe. If we find out great 20 clans, they would occupied 58.5% among all the kyohoe. In the course of time, excellent famillies monopolied the kyohoe gradually.
If we investigate the bureaucratic grade of the kyohoe, the members, who had ranked to Chǒung(正) in Sayǒkwon(司譯院) counted 117 persons, ranked to T'ongjǒng-daebu(通政大夫) counted 52, and Sungrok-daebu(崇祿大夫) counted 45. We can regard them as a leading status among the official interpreters.
And if we classify them by the bureaucratic rank, there were officials of Tangsangkwan(堂上官) occupying 54.7%, Ch'amsangkwan(參上官) occupying 40.3%, and Ch'amhakwan(參下官) occupying 3.2%. According to the statistics, who had the bureaucratic grade was 98.2%. Among the late period of Chosǒn bureaucratic rank of them reached to the highest position in the 18th century.
From the Kyohoechǒng-sǒnsaengan(敎誨聽先生案) we can also sort out the special positions among the kyohoe totalled 214 persons. They held 19 positions of Suyǒk (首譯: chief official interpreter in mission), 60 Haengsu(行首: chief official of a bureau), and 204 Hunsang(訓上: selected Tangsanggwan among kyohoe). If we classify them by clan, the order of them is same as No. 1 to No. 7 with the kyohoe interpreters and some of whom concurrent positions. In the special official post members of Gyohoe, the percentage who came from great 10 famillies is 51.9%. And if we enlarge the range to great 20 famillies, they occupied 70.1%. One of the most famous person among them is YI Su(李洙) whose ancestral home was Kǔmsan(金山). He insisted the import of coins from Ch'ing(淸) for the means of official interpreter's living in the 18th century.
The Leaders among official interpreters could be promoted to higher bureaucratic rank by their distinguished services in diplomacy, or by writting the books about diplomacy and textbooks for learning foreign language.
The training group among the official interpreters contributed to their country by training the capable interpreters and maintaining peaceful relations with neighbor countries by intermediary trade. Also they tried to exchange culture. However, it was a pending problem that kyohoe(敎誨) interpreter positions were monopolied to some famillies.

참고자료

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