이슬람보험의 계약적 형태와 샤리아 아비트리지: 이슬람적 증여와 공유 개념을 중심으로 (Contractual Forms and Shariah Arbitrage in Islamic Insurance: Focusing on the Islamic Concepts of Gift and Sharing)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국이슬람학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국이슬람학회논총 / 31권 / 3호 / 1 ~ 48페이지
· 저자명 : 오명석

초록

이 논문은 이슬람보험 또는 타카풀의 계약적 형태를 이슬람적 증여(타바루 또는 히바)와 공유(타아운)의 원리를 기반으로 정립함으로써 샤리아를 준수하는 보험으로 정립하려는 이슬람법학자들의 법학적 논리를 분석한다. 이러한 법학적 논리를 샤리아 아비트리지(shariah arbitrage)라는 개념을 통해서 분석하는데, 샤리아 규정과 보험 현실과의 차이와 괴리를 중재하기 위한 샤리아 아비트리지가 또다른 샤리아 쟁점을 촉발하고 있음을 증여 약정, 대가성 증여, 조건부 증여를 둘러싼 이슬람법학자들의 논쟁을 통해 살펴보고, 타아운 원리에 기초한 협동보험이 샤리아를 준수하는 계약적 형태에 보다 부합한다는 방식으로 이슬람법학자들의 합의가 전개되고 있음을 주장할 것이다.

영어초록

Islamic insurance or Takaful has been developed as an alternative to conventional commercial insurance since the 1980s. As Islamic jurists(ulama) have resolved that conventional insurance should not be permitted because of excessive gharar(uncertainty) inherent in the sale of risk characteristic of insurantial contract between the insurer and the insured, they have attempted to formulate a shariah-compliant insurance based on the principles of gift(tabarru or hibah) and cooperation(taawun), which makes Islamic insurance similar to mutual insurance or cooperative insurance in its contractual form. This paper analyzes the legalistic logic adopted by Islamic jurists in order to apply the Islamic concepts of gift and sharing to insurance. In evaluating this process, I will base my analysis on the notion of shariah arbitrage, which means to negotiate and arbiter differences and gaps between shariah regulations and the lived realities. I am particularly interested in the phenomena that shariah arbitrage which seems to be successful creates a new difficulty and contradiction, and needs further shariah arbitrages, while the opinions of Islamic jurists have divided on what is proper shariah arbitrage for authentic Islamic insurance. This phenomena is clearly evident in the shariah arbitrages employing diverse notions of Islamic gift, such as gift promise(iltizam tabarru), gift with rewards(hibah thawab), and conditional gift(hibah muallaqa) to legitimize the tabarru model of Takaful. Conscious of logical contradictions difficult to be solved in the tabarru model, there has been a recent trend among Islamic jurists to establish Takaful on the principle of cooperation(taawun) or sharing(nihd) rather than on the principle of gift. This formulation makes Takaful closer to mutual insurance or cooperative insurance, and involves less shariah controversies. However, it occurs that the principle of taawun mainly remains in terms of the form of contract, but hardly reflects in the operational governance of takaful where takaful participants have little say in the management of takaful operators who are corporate companies much like conventional insurance companies. This shows another gap between shariah arbitrage and structural reality prevalent in the dual insurantial system adopted by most Muslim countries where Takaful has been introduced.

참고자료

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