조선후기 호적자료를 통해 본 사노비의 존재양태 - 대구 경주최씨가를 중심으로 - (State of Private Servants in the Late Joseon Period Revealed through the Register of Gyeongju Choi Family)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사문화학회
· 수록지 정보 : 지방사와 지방문화 / 11권 / 1호 / 183 ~ 223페이지
· 저자명 : 정진영

초록

호적자료의 사노비에 대한 기록은 시기와 지역, 그리고 가문에 따라 형식에 있어서만 아니라 그 내용에 있어서도 상당한 편차를 보인다. 이 같은 문제는 호적이 부세자원의 파악이라는 국가적인 입장만이 아니라 이에 대한 민의 대응이 적절하게 타협된 산물이기 때문이다. 호적이 현실을 정직하게 반영하고 있다는 것은 큰 오해일 뿐이다.
결국 조선후기 호구, 호적자료에서의 노비 존재의 표기와 부모의 신분 등은 극히 혼란스럽고 무원칙하다. 이것은 단순한 불성실이나 노비 파악의 어려움에서 기인하였던 것이 아니라 노비 소유주가 이를 통해 국가의 노비정책과 호구정책에 대응하고자 하였던 의도적인 조치였던 것으로 보인다. 따라서 호구 또는 호적 자료의 이용은 자료가 가지는 이러한 특성과 한계에 대한 충분한 이해와 고려가 전제되어야 할 것이다.

영어초록

This is a study addressing the state of private servants in the
Late Jeseon Period revealed through the register of Gyeongju
Choi family. Records on private servants vary significantly both in
forms and content, depending on periods, regions, and families.
This difference results from the fact that family registers are the
products of a compromise between the nation’s interest in
identifying its revenue sources and the general public’s reaction
to the policy. Therefore, it is a grave misunderstanding that
family registers reflect the reality of the time faithfully.
The register of Gyeongju Choi family showed different names
referring to servants. They were under the names such as
Angyeok, Jakho, Ibho, Gakho, residing in (names of specific
regions), runaways, Bulmyeong, or obscure, etc. The number of
servants under these names reveals drastic rises and declines,
depending on the recording years and sometimes there were
different names referring to the same cases. Especially,
Bulmyeong refers to servants for whom the types of the state
were not clearly specified. They represented approximately 30%
of the total servants on average, but in some years, all servants
were referred to as Bulmyeong. This category amounted to as
much as 60% among fathers of servants. This means that
information on the social positions of servants and their parents
was deliberately distorted by their masters or their existence
itself was concealed.
In conclusion, information on the state of servants and social
positions of their parents revealed through census records and
family registers of the late Joseon Period is very confusing and
has no fixed standards. This does not simply come from lack of
integrity in recording or difficulty in acquiring information. It
seems to be a result of deliberate efforts for owners of servants to
react to the nation’s policy on servants and census-taking.
Therefore, when utilizing information of census-taking or family
registers, researchers need to understand and take into
consideration the characteristics and limitations of data.

참고자료

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