근대 국가와 시티즌십:오키나와인의 사례 (Modern Stste and Citizenship: Okinazan Case)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사문화학회
· 수록지 정보 : 지방사와 지방문화 / 10권 / 1호 / 49 ~ 92페이지
· 저자명 : 최현

초록

본 논문은 오키나와인들의 정체성을 오키나와인들이 경험했던 근대적 시티즌십과의 관계 속에서 살펴보고 설명하고자 했다. 오키나와인들에게 시티즌십은 일본이라는 근대국가를 통해 제도화되었다. 근대 교육제도와 학교, 신문과 라디오 등 언론 매체, 활자로 고정된 표준어, 왜곡되고 불완전한형태이기는 하지만 전근대 국가가 보장하지 못했던 복지 등 다양한 근대적권리에 의해 류큐왕국의 신민은 일본의 국민으로 변모해갔고 할 수 있다.
일본이 조선과는 달리 오키나와를 성공적으로 일본화할 수 있었던 이유가무엇인가는 이후에 좀 더 상세한 연구가 필요하겠지만, 조선보다 30년가량일찍 병합함으로써 조선과는 달리 류큐에서 독자적인 근대화를 처음부터차단했던 것이 매우 중요한 요인이었던 것으로 보인다. 근대 시티즌십의 도입 시기와 과정과 연결해서 오키나와인들의 정체성을 설명하는 것은 한국인과 오키나와인들의 차이뿐만 아니라 미군 점령 기간에 벌어졌던‘일본복귀운동’을 설명하는 데도 도움이 된다.

영어초록

The purpose of this article is to explain national identity of Okinawans in relation to their experiences in modern citizenship as a legal status. Okinawans experienced citizenship and became modern citizens after Okinawa was annexed by Japan in 1879. Modern education systems and schools, mass media such as newspapers and radios, standard Japanese as printed language, and modern equal rights for commoners such as civil rights, political rights, and social rights transformed Ryukyuan peasants to Japanese nationals. In this sense, modern citizenship was the linchpin of Japanese national building. That process was so successful that Ryukyuans unlike Koreans never resisted Japanese assimilation.
I suggest that the differences between Ryukyuans and Koreans resulted from their different experiences in modern citizenship.
While Koreans tasted a little portion of modern citizenship and read Korean newspapers before Japanese annexation, Ryukyuans never did. This is the major reason why Ryukyuans did not struggle against Japanese rule but Koreans strongly resisted Japanese rule.
Thus, I argue that citizenship system is a very powerful tool to form national identity. Once national identity was formed, the nation, I also argue, would strongly resist assimilation by other nations. For example, Ryukyuans who seemed to be easily assimilated to Japanese were engaged in strong resistance movements under the US military rule.
The historical review of Ryukyuan national identity in relation to the citizenship helps us solve some problems that we meet when we find a way to build transnational community in East Asia. Firstly, transnational community building is not easy but possible. It is because citizenship was and will be a powerful tool to change identity. Secondly, citizenship systems that are fairer, broader, safer and more tolerant to cultural diversity than national citizenship systems are prerequisite for a transnational community. In this context, I suggest that renovating national citizenship should be the best way to transnational community building.

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