인간사(人間事)에 관여하는 수호신(守護神)의 신화적 의미와 루마니아 문학에서의 잔존 양상 -세시풍속과 절기, 풍습으로의 정착 양상을 겸하여- (Mythical meaning of guardian deities intervene human affaire & aspect of appearance in the Romanian literature -With aspects of settlement as annual cyclical rituals or customs-)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국세계문화사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 세계 역사와 문화 연구 / 51호 / 55 ~ 83페이지
· 저자명 : 백승남

초록

루마니아 사람들은 태어날 때부터 운명이 정해져 있어서 삶의 여정은 운명을 따라 살아가는 것이라고 믿었다. 농업과 이목에 중요한 계절의 순환, 절기를 지키면서 풍요와 사랑을 기원하였다. 오랜 시간 동안 운명, 경외와 바람, 기원 등은 수호신으로부터 보호받고 도움을 얻고, 세시 풍속이나 절기 등으로 지정하고, 다양한 풍습을 유행시켰다. 고대 신화에서 비롯된 수호신과 크리스트교의 도래 이후에 성경의 성인을 수호신으로 삼았다. 사람들은 이야기로도 만들어 그들의 전통을 유지, 계승하였고, 콜린더, 고대기록서, 설화, 환상소설 등에 인간사에 관여하는 수호신과 세시풍속과 풍습을 묘사되었다. 직물을 짜듯 인간의 운명을 짜는 수호신은 우르시또아레이다. 풍요와 사랑의 수호신은 쓴지에네 내지 드러가이까는 하지에 즈음해서 밤에 떼를 지어 나타나는 요정이다. 들판의 곡식들의 첫 수확을 기다리는 하지의 전날 밤과 당일에 마을별로 축제를 벌인다. 고원과 숲을 보호하는 수호신은 무마 뻐두리는 ‘숲의 어머니’이다. 인간이 숲에 정착하면서 숲을 파괴하자 무마 뻐두리는 인간에게 나쁜 짓을 하는 마녀의 이미지로 변해갔다. 양치기의 수호신인 쓴뻬뜨루 데 바러는 여름에 양치기들이 양들이 연하고 부드러운 풀을 뜯어 먹게 하려고 산으로 올라갈 때 찾아와 보호한다. 쓴뻬뜨루 데 이아르너는 쓴뻬뜨루 데 바러와 형제이지만, 양을 사냥하는 늑대를 보호한다.

영어초록

Romanian people believed that one’s life had been destined at the time of birth. They hoped prosperity and love through the circle of seasons, especially the summer solstice and the winter solstice. Romania was located around Carpatain Mountains and vast plateau, so Romanians feared the woods and nature and shepherd was the ancient way of life and they migrated between fields to mountain ranges. They were protected and benefited from guardian deities through their fate, fear, hope and wish for a long time and designated some divisions of the year. They also developed various customs. They worshiped the ancient guardian deities and the saints of the Bible after the introduction of Christianism. They handed down their tradition by stories which depicted the seasonal traditions in the funerals carol, ancient records and tale books.
The deities who weave human fates was called Ursitoare. They visited the babies to determine their fate three days after their birth. They made it custom to welcome Ursitoare. The family of new born baby prepared simple foods on the table or furnace for three days. They were usually three loaves of freshly baked bread and salts enough for three men. The clothe which the three deities wore determined the destiny of the baby. Many tales showed that human wisdom and pains are not free from the deities. Romanian deities of love and prosperity were called Sânziene or Dragaica and they congregated at the summer solstice when sun is most powerful. The night of the summer solstice was called the night of Sânziene and village people celebrated that night. The deity of woods was call Muma Padurii or Mama Padurii- which means the mother of woods. Muma Padurii was the master of her woods and ruled over living creatures in the woods. The image of Mama Padurii. had been changed into witch or bad fairy after human had stayed one place and destroyed the woods. Muma Padurii had been changed into fairy which threats and kidnaps boys at mountainous area, so a custom developed that housewives pray not to encounter her.
Sanpetru de Vara the deity of shepherd protected the shepherds when they climbed up to grass their sheep at summer. A shepherd who treated only a sheep of his to the Lord and Sanpetru was blessed with more kettles. This tale showed the intervention of guardian deity into human affairs. Even though Sanpetru de Iarna is a brother of Sanpetru de vara guardian of shepherds and kettle, he guarded the wolf, the hunter of the sheep.(Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

참고자료

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